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| Question | Answer |
| Threshold Potential | Vm required to activate Na+ channels |
| When threshold potential is met | Stimulus is then generated by Na+ influx Everything looks the same as long as the threshold potential is met |
| Weak depolarization | Sub threshold potential--nothing happens |
| Action Potential Amplitude (aka size) | Independent of stimulus, as long as threshold is met No change in action potential based on stimulus (differs from graded potential) |
| Local Anasthetics | Block Na+ channels--so there is no big depolarization So action potential doesn't happen, pain signal is stopped |
| Propagation of Action Potentials | (Adjacent Sections of Plasma Membrane) One starts the next Like the wave Signal doesn't change over distance/size Unidirectional |
| Propogation of action potentials is mostly unidirectional because | Necessary for speed Due to 1) hyper-polarization 2) Na+ channel blocked |
| Myelin's effect on potentials | Aides graded potentials blocks action potentials causing an increase in conduction velocity |
| Saltatory Conduction | APs only at nodes of ranvier jump to next node via gp |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | Inputs from many presynaptic neurons can occur Can be Exicatatory or inhibitory |
| Excicatory input | Stimulating Input=depolarizing |
| Inhibiting Input | Hyperpolarizing |
| Temporal summations | When input signals arrive from the same presynaptic cell at different times |
| Spatial Summation | When two inputs are received from different presynaptic cells at the same time |
| The more complex our synapses are | The more connections we have More opportunities for events |
| Presynaptic factors on Synapse strength | Availability of neurotransmitter Ca2+ availability Receptor availability Membrane potential |
| Postsynaptic factors on synapse strength | Receptor availability Membrane Potential Other synaptic inputs |
| Cerebral Cortex | aka Cerebrum Perception, voluntary movement, language, learning, memory |
| 2 Distinct parts of cerbral cortex | Grey matter (outer shell): Clustered cell bodies of interneurons=nuclei White matter (inner layer) Axons (myelin is white) |
| Cerbral Ventricles | 4 fluid filled chambers (headache) |
| Corpus Callusum | Massive bundle of axons Connects two hemispheres |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | Major relay station of motor control; crude sensation (ie. is somthing moving quickly toward you?) |
| Hypothalamus | Located below the thalamus Critical to homeostatic regulation, links nervous and endocrine system |
| Forebrain | Consists of cerebrum and diencephalon |
| Cerebellum | Balence, muscle tone, coordination |
| Brain Stem | Key to life: basic controls for: Cardiac Respiration digestion-swallowing and vommiting (making sure digestion doesn't impact respiration) |
| Anatomy of Spinal Cord | Grey Matter and White Matter |
| Spinal Cord: Grey Matter | Interneurons, cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, axons of afferent and glial cells |
| Spinal Cord: White Matter | Bidirectional (input on one side, output on other) Dorsal side=afferent Ventral Side=efferent (efferent more important, saber tooth) |
| Anatomy of PNS (components) | Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, clustered cell bodies, grouped axons |
| Anatomy of PNS: Spinal nerves | Exit via vertebral column |
| Anatomy of PNS: Cranial Nerves | Exit via skull openings (foramen) |
| Anatomy of PNS: Clustered cell bodies | =ganglia (same strucutre as nuclei in CNS) |
| Anatomy of PNS: Grouped axons | =nerves (Pathways or tracts) |
| Groups of neuron cell bodies | In PNS: Ganglia In CNS: Nuclei |
| Acetyllcholine (ACh) | Key Neurotransmitter Involved in congnition, behavior, glands and organs Rapidly destroyed by ACH-esterase |
| Biogenic amines | Dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin, histamine Imacts things happening in brainstem and hypolthalamus Conscieness, mood, endocrine regulation |
| Biogenic amines | Dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin, histamine Imacts things happening in brainstem and hypolthalamus Conscieness, mood, endocrine regulation |
| Ammino Acids | Some exicatory, some inhibatory |
| Necropeptides | Atlease 2 ammino acids togeather (small chain) also serve as endocrines and paracrines |
| Autonomic and Somatic Nervous systems both | send signals from CNS to effector cells Are part of efferent, which is part of Peripheral Nervous System |
| Autonomic Nervous System | 2 neurons Innervates: smooth muscle, cardiace muscles, glands, gastroinstestinal neurons Results: Excites and Inhibits |
| Somatic Nervous System | One Neuron Innervates: skeletal muscle Results: Excites only |
| Purpose of autonomic nervous system | Regulate automatic, visceral responses |
| Method of Autonomic Nervous System | two opposing systems (gas/brake) sympathecitc vs parasyphatic Most effects are innervated by both Preganglionic or postganglionic neruons |
| Sympathetic Nervous System (info about) | Function: Fight or flight (gas) Ganglion Location: closer to spinal cord (s clsr to s) Pre Nerotransmitter: ACH Post Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine, Epiniephrine |
| Parasympathetic Nervous Sytem (actions) | Function: Rest or regroup (brake) Ganglion location: closer to effector organ Pre Neurostransmitter: ACh Post Neurotransmitter: ACh |
| Adrenal Medulla | (Sympathetic Category) endocrine gland that forms inner core of adrenal gland, secretes amine hormones, mainly epinephrine Can reach distant organs |
| Sympathetic (actions) | Dialate Pupil Increase cardiac output Relax bronchiles Decrease gut motility |
| Sensory Nervous System | Purpose: detect and relay info about environment to CNS |
| Two designs for sensory nervous system | Dicretly by neuron end (faster) Receptor cell to neron end (more common, because can have different types) |
| Nocireceptors | Sense pain; extreme heat or tissue damage |
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