236909
| Question | Answer |
| It is important for your PNS to code the ___ and ___ of a stimulus | Location and Intensity |
| To code an increase in stimulus intensity | Increase # gp's which will increase the # of ap's which will increase the # of neurotransmitters |
| The location of a signal is coded through | Receptive fields: -narrow is better -denser is better -overlap of fields is possible (venn diagram) |
| Lateral Inhibition | Fibers inhibit each other, the most active fibers the greatest inhibition of adjacent fibers so that only the strongest signal gets through (Rubbing Arm) |
| Ascending Pathway in CNS | Brainstem--thatalmus--cerebrum (crosses over) left hand is controlled by right hemisphere |
| Somatasensory System: Info gathered from, receptor type, components | Info gathered from skin, muscles, bones tendons and joints Type: free or modified terminals Components: Thermal and mechoreceptors, nocireceptors |
| Nocirecptors | Detect products of damaged cell and immune cells |
| Somtatasensory System: Spatially related positioning in brain | Cortical projection AKA homunculus Changes can be made, but limited changes |
| Auditory System: Info gathered from, receptor types | Info gathered from sound waves Receptor types: sterocilia and mechanoreceptors AKA cochlear hairs |
| Auditory System: Components (pathway for sound) | External Auditory Canal tymphanic membrane middle ear (air) cochlea (water) auditory nerve CNS |
| Auditory System: Cochlea What is key in this process. | Encodes amplitude/loudness of the wave=how much stereocilia bend Frequency/pitch=which stereocilia bend K+ and Ca+ are key in this process |
| Auditory System: Receptors near the base of the cochlea encode ___ sounds and receptors the the apex (tip) of cochlea encode ____low sounds. | high=base low=tip |
| Auditory System: How location of sound is determend | By geometric calculations done in the cerebrum |
| Vestibular System (Info gathered, receptor type) | Info gathered: head position and motion Receptor type: seterocilia |
| Vestibular System (Components) | Semicircular Canals (3)--rotation with direction, but Utricle and Saccule (with Otoliths)--linear acceleration relative to gravity |
| Vestibular System (Usefullness) | Visual tracking, Coordination and spatial recognition |
| Visual System (info gathered, receptor type) | Info gathered: energy waves receptor type: photoreceptors |
| Components of the eye: cornea and lens | Focus image |
| Components of the eye: retina | Transforms into signal Receptors at back afferents in front where afferents exit there are no receptors--blind spot |
| Visual System (encoding) | Rods and Cones |
| Rods | dim light black and white |
| Cones | bright light colors |
| Color vision is base on three cones | Blue Cones, green cones and red cones |
| Colorblindnesss | Lacking pigment R-G most common (10-20% of white male population) |
| Chemosensory System (info. gathered, receptor type) | Info gathed: Dissolved chemicals Receptor Type: chemoreceptors |
| Chemosensory System (Components) | External: taste, smell Internal: pH, (O2), (CO2) etc. |
| Chemosensory system (taste overview) | In mouth and throat lots of surface area-more receptors |
| Categories of receptors involved in taste | Salt: Na+ chanels Sour: H+ blocks K+ channels Sweet: sugars bind Bitter: various substance bind (about avoiding) Umam: glutamate/msg Fat? |
| Glutamate is | key to making ATP |
| MSG | Man made version of glutamate, agonist |
| Chemosensory System (Olfaction) | In nasal passages receptors differ in type and quantity and only last about 2 months |
| Pereception | How we interpret these signals--happens in cerebrum often signals combine (eg. taste and smell) We are better at detection than consciously aware |
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