Flashcards
Week 3
Cards in this deck (15)
- 1Actors carrying actions without awareness of the rules or threats. Power of ideology or beliefs. Eg. restriction of opportunities for women in male dominated societies.Power as control - legitimate power
- 2Powerful actor forces other actors to do what they otherwise wouldn't do. Eg. behaviour of powerful countries within international arena (neoliberalism, SAP, global climate negotiations)Power as control - coercive power
- 3Powerful actors using influence behind the scenes, preventing unfavourable issues from reaching the agenda. Eg. Global climate negotiations where raising powers and industrialised countries influencing global agendas and shaping them as it suits them.Power as control - coherent power
- 4Control over other people such as direct political control, control over resources. Associated with power on macro level and with hegemony.Power in developing approaches:
power-over - 5Based on participation and deliberate development. Different people participating and planning development intervention through participation and engagement of local communities. Can be influenced by power-over as those who have power and influence will decide how successful participation is.Power in developing approaches:
power-with - 6Resistance to power-over and is focused on having ability to change the conditions of one's existence. Associated with empowerment and right-based approach to development. Eg. Women gaining control over their financial status.Power in developing approaches:
power-to - 7It is important to know who has power by why they have power. Distinguishes between relational and structural power. Relational: Country A makes country B to do something which otherwise they would not do (relates to coercive power) Structural: Power to determine the structures of Global political agendas within which other states have to operate (win-lose or win-win effect).Strange on power:
Relational and Structural - 8Win-lose: One gains on the expense of the other. Relates to Dependency theory where South is a part of global market by exporting raw materials to North and makes latter rich, while former remains poor. Win-win: Actors might not equally benefit but end result is still positive. Eg. Trade between EU and ChinaStrange on Structural power and win-win/win-lose
- 9Besides power as control it can also be enabling. Eg. influence through economic pressure, diplomacy or cultural exchangePower as enabling
- 10Participation of stakeholders in planning & promoting dev. intervention. Build as bottom-up and avoids generalisation and focuses on communities or individuals. Emerged as alternative, but is becoming mainstream. Eg. World Bank's PRSP based on participation and inclusion; promotion of local-level NGOs to do developmentParticipation definition
Is it mainstream? - 11Ability of poor to take control over their lives and be agents of own development. Associated with people-centred development and views poverty as lack of capabilities or choices. Creating enabling environment to help them to take actions to meet their own needs.Empowerment
- 12Empowerment involves replacing established power structures with more equitable ones at local and national and int. level. Is related to inclusion or exclusion, either have power or dont.Power and empowerment
- 13Rights to poor to contest for their rights through formal institutions; legal framework. Poor should have power to do it. Without power they cant defend themselves. Empowerment & rights based overlap. Former: is about actor's capabilities & addresses problems of resource constraints on collective & individual level. Latter: structural opportunities & focuses on state's fulfilment of legal obligations to citizens.Rights based approach
- 14Agents have both capacity and limitations Each agent has own position, interest and ideology influencing agent's interventions (IMF, World Bank/SAP). While having agency there are still constraints like structures.Agents of development
limitation
power relations
constraints - 15Increasing interconnectedness of scale has significance meaning of understanding challenges or making decisions on development interventions.Scale
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- Flashcards on Week 3, created by tkhobelia on 05/04/2015.
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- tkhobelia
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