Flashcards
Microbio Chpt. 16
Cards in this deck (67)
- 1ResistanceOur ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products
Our ability to protect against environmental agents such as pollen, drugs, foods, chemicals, and animal dander - 2SusceptibilityVulnerability or lack of immunity
- 3Adaptive/Acquired (Specific) ImmunityBased on a specific response to a specific microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity defenses
The immune system adapts or adjusts to handle a particular microbe - 4Adaptive Immunity CharacteristicsSlower to respond than innate immunity
Has a memory component
Involves lymphocytes called T cells and B cells - 5Innate (Nonspecific) ImmunityDefenses that are present at birth
Always present to provide rapid response
Does not involve specific recognition of a microbe
First and second line of defense - 6Innate Immunity CharacteristicsNo memory response
First and second lines of defense - 7First line of DefenseIntact skin and mucous membranes and their secretions
Normal microbiota - 8Second Line of DefenseNatural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation,fever, and antimicrobial substances
- 9Third Line of DefenseSpecialized lymphocytes and antibodies
- 10Role of SkinComposed of dermis, epidermis, and keratin
Periodic shedding of the top layer helps remove microbes at the surface
Skin dryness is a major factor inhibiting microbe growth on the skin - 11Role of Mucous MembraneConsists of an epithelial (mucus) layer and underlying connective tissue
Inhibit the entrance of many microorganisms - 12Physical Factors1. Skin
2. Mucous Membranes
3. Lacrimal Apparatus - 13MucusSlightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet css of a mucous membrane
Secreted by the epithelial layer of a mucous membrane
Prevents tracts from drying out
Traps many microbes that enter the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts - 14Lacrimal ApparatusA group of structures that manufactures and drains away tears
Continual washing action helps keep microbes from settling on the surface of the eye - 15Mechanical Factors1. Tears
2. Vaginal Secretions
3. Peristalsis
4. Defecation
5. Vomiting
6. Diarrhea
7. Epiglottis
8. Ciliary Escalator - 16TearsSecreted by lacrimal glands
Excessive production dilute and wash away the irritating substance or microbes on the eyes
Continual washing mechanism keeps microbes from settling on the surface of the eye - 17Mucus coated HairsFound in the mucous membrane of the nose
Filter inhaled air and trap microorganisms, dust, and pollutants - 18CiliaCover the mucous membrane of the lower respiratory tract
Involved in the ciliary escalator mechanism - 19EpiglottisA small lid of cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing
Prevents microbes from entering the lower respiratory tract - 20PeristalsisA series of coordinated contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract
Mass peristalsis of the large intestinal contents into the rectum results in defecation - 21Chemical Factors1. Sebum
2. Perspiration
3. Earwax
4. Saliva
5. Gastric juice
6. Vaginal secretions
7. Urine - 22SebumProduced by oil glands in the skin
Prevents hair from drying
Forms a protective film over the skin
Composed of unsaturated fatty acids which inhibit growth of certain pathogenic bacteria
Low pH of skin discourages growth - 23PerspirationProduced by sweat glands in the skin
Helps maintain body temperature, eliminate certain wastes, and flush microorganisms from the surface of the skin
Contains lysozyme which breaks down the walls of gram-positive bacteria
Breaks down chemical bonds in peptidoglycan
Also found in tears, ruing, nasal secretions, saliva, and tissue fluids - 24EarwaxPhysical and chemical barrier
A mixture of secretions from glands producing earwax and the sebaceous glands
Rich in fatty acids
Low pH - 25SalivaContains salivary amylase which digests starch
Contains lysozymes, urea, and uric acid
Low pH
Contains an antibody that prevents attachment of microbes so that they cannot penetrate mucous membranes - 26Gastric JuiceProduced by the glands of the stomach
A mix of HCl, enzymes, and mucus
High acidity which destroys bacteria and most bacterial toxins - 27Vaginal SecretionsGlycogen is broken down into lactic acid which creates an acidic environment and inhibits microbes
Cervical mucus and vaginal epithelial cells play a role - 28UrineContains lysozyme
Acidic pH - 29PlasmaFluid component of blood
- 30Formed Elements (cellular components) of bloodLeukocytes
Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma - 31LeukocytesWhite blood cells
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes - 32GranulocytesNamed after the large granules visible in their cytoplasm after staining
Differentiated based on how they stain
1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophols - 33NeutrophilsStain pale lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes
AKA PMNs
Highly phagocytic and motile
Active in the initial stages of an infection
Have the ability to leave the blood, enter the infected tissue, and destroy microbes and foreign particles - 34BasophilsStain blue-purple which methylene blue
Release substances like histamine that are important in inflammation and allergic responses - 35EosinophilsStain red or orange with eosin dye
Somewhat phagocytic and have the ability to leave the blood
Major function is to produce toxic proteins against certain parasites like helminths
They attach to the outer surface of the parasite and discharge peroxide ions that destroy them - 36AgranulocytesGranules are not visible after staining
1. Monocytes
2. Dendritic Cells
3. Lymphocytes - 37MonocytesAre not mature until they leave the blood and enter tissues where they mature into macrophages
If blood with microorganisms passes through an organ with macrophages they are removed by phagocytosis along with the worn out red blood cells - 38Dendritic CellsDerived from monocytes
Have long extensions that resemble the dendrites of nerve cells
Abundant in the epidermis, mucous membranes, thymus, and lymph nodes
Function is to destroy microbes by phagocytosis and to initiate adaptive immunity reponses - 39LymphocytesInclude natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells
- 40Natural Killer Cells (NK)Found in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells
Attack body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins which causes the release of vesicles containing toxic substances - 41T and B CellsPlay a role in adaptive immunity
Occur in lymphoid tissues of the lymphatic system and also circulate in blood - 42PhagocytosisThe ingestion of a microorganism or other substances by a cell
The method of nutrition for certain protozoa
Involved in clearing away debris such as dead body cells and denatured proteins
The body's second line of defense - 43PhagocytesCells that perform phagocytosis
Types of WBCs or their derivatives - 44Actions of Phagocytic CellsMonocytes enlarge during migration to the infected area and develop into actively phagocytic macrophages
- 45Mechanism of Phagocytosis1. Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion - 46ChemotaxisThe chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms
Attracted by damaged tissue cells, microbial products, components of WBCs, cytokines released by WBCs, and peptides - 47AdherenceThe attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other foreign material
Facilitated by the attachment of PAMPs on microbes to TLRs on the surface of phagocytes - 48IngestionThe plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the organism
Pseudopods meet and fuse when the microbe is surrounded and form a sac called a phagosome - 49DigestionThe phagosome pinches off from the plasma membrane and enters the cytoplasm where it contacts lysosomes which fuse to form phagolysosomes
Indigestible material (residual body) is discharged as waste outside the cell - 50InflammationComponent of the second line of defense
Triggered by damage to the body's tissues
Usually characterized by four symptoms: redness, pain, heat, and swelling and sometimes loss of function - 51Acute InflammationWhen the cause of an inflammation is removed in a relatively short period of time and the inflammatory response is intense
- 52Chronic InflammationWhen the cause of an inflammation is too difficult or impossible to remove and the response is longer lasting but less intense
- 53The Process of Inflammation1. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels
2. Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
3. Tissue Repair - 54Stage 1: Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood VesselsBlood vessels dilate following tissue damage and permeability increases
Increases blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for redness and heat associated with inflammation
Increased permeability allows for defenses to pass through blood vessels and enter the damaged area
Help deliver clotting elements of blood into the injured area - 55Stage 1 Chemicals1. Histamine
2. Kinins
3. Prostaglandins
4. Leukotrienes
5. Cytokines - 56HistamineReleased in direct response to injury of cells
Released in response to stimulation by certain components of the complement system
Phagocytic granulocytes attracted to the site also release histamine - 57KininsCause vasodilation and increased permeability, present in plasma, attract phagocytic granulocytes (neurophils) to infected area
- 58ProstaglandinsReleased by damaged cells and intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls
Associated with pain related to inflammation - 59LeukotrienesSubstances produced by mast cells and basophils
Cause increased permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens - 60CytokinesCause vasodilation and increased permeability
- 61Blood ClotsForm around the site of activity and prevent the microbe or its toxins from spreading to other parts of the body
- 62Stage 2: Phagocyte Migration and PhagocytosisOccurs within an hour of inflammation
Margination occurs when blood flow decreases and phagocytes stick to lining of blood vessels then they squeeze through to reach infected area
The phagocytes start to destroy foreign microbes
Monocytes follow the granulocytes into the infected area
Granulocytes dominate in earlier stages then monocytes take over - 63Stage 3: Tissue RepairTissues replace dead or damaged cells
Begins during the active phase of inflammation but is not completed until all harmful substances are removed - 64FeverAbnormally high body temperature
Part of the second line of defense
The release of cytokines by phagocytes cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins which causes a higher body temperature
Intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons and increases production of transferrins that decrease iron available to microbes
High temperatures speed up reactions which may help tissue repair occur faster - 65TransferrinA beta globulin protein that transports iron
- 66InterferonsA class of antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells after viral stimulation
Interferes with viral multiplication
Host-cell specific but not virus-specific
EX: lymphocytes and macrophages
Proudced by firboblasts in connective tissue and by lymphocytes - 67Antimicrobial PeptidesShort peptides that consist of a chain of 12-50 amino acids synthesized on ribosomes
Act against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites
Inhibit cell wall synthesis by forming pores in the membrane and causing lysis
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- Flashcards on Microbio Chpt. 16, created by kyrstenblackmon on 16/04/2015.
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