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Flashcards by craigandbarbi, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by craigandbarbi
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 1. What is the most deadly of the foodborne diseases? | listeriosis |
| 2. What is an Exotoxin, endotoxin, neurotoxin, Enterotoxin? | Exotoxin not an infection but an intoxication secreted through living bacteria no fever, acute and short lived. (Toxin was produced in the food or drink which was ingested) (Acute short lived) Neurotoxin toxin that effects the nerve system (neurons) Endotoxin toxin is secreted when cell is destroyed or lysed cause infection (ingestion of living bacteria so it then grows within the Person quick symptoms end quickly) (24 – 48 hrs) Enterotoxin toxin from bacteria in the GI tract |
| 3. Describe the characteristics of the causative agent of botulism. | A neurotoxin that is the product of exotoxin production which blocks the release of acetylcholine so muscles aren’t able to contract this will begin about 18 – 36 hours after ingestion. |
| 4. Why is it difficult to determine if food is contaminated with botulism? | This toxin is odorless, tasteless, and one can’t see it. |
| 5. What are the symptoms of botulism? | This toxin is odorless, tasteless, and one can’t see it. |
| 6. What effect does the botulism toxin have on nerve cells? | It blocks the release of acetylcholine putting it in a paralyzed state. |
| 7. How is botulism treated? | With an antitoxin no antibiotics needed |
| 8. What safety measure can be used to destroy toxin in canned foods? | Proper canning methods with 121 degree 15 pounds of pressure for 20-30 minutes. Also proper reheating of the food can kill it as it is heat sensitive. |
| 9. What is botox? | Type a botulism used to relax wrinkles when injected into them also aids people with cerebral palsy to paralyze their flexed muscles to release that tension on their bodies. |
| 10. What are the differences between botulism and Staphlyococcal food poisonings? | Staph is not heat sensitive, it needs incubation period to produce toxins |
| 11. What are the different types of botulism? | Types A, B, E are most common in human cases Infantile is the most common Wound which is not as bad as ingestion botox is type A |
| 12. What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal food poisoning? How quickly do symptoms appear? | Symptoms occur after ingestion of toxin about 20 min bacteria is usually destroyed by the stomach acid no infection occurs, lasts about 1-6 hours nausea vomiting diarrhea and abdominal cramps. This is mistaken as the 24 hour flu, this is the most common foodborne illness but not reported due to such a fast recovery and short duration. |
| 13. What is the most common mode of transmission for Staphylococcal food poisoning? | Primarily through skin wounds on infected food handler Secondary possible contamination though sneezing. Commonly associated with buffets, picnics, left overs, deli meats just about any place the food is allowed to incubate for germination. |
| 14. What is the causative agent of Clostridial food poisoning? | Exotoxin producing action enterotoxin. |
| 15. What foods are associated with Clostridial food poisoning? What are the symptoms and how can it be avoided. | Associated with protein rich foods that have been improperly refrigerated after preparation (leftovers) Meat, poultry, fish, Casserole dishes with beans and meat Endospores survive the cooking process. Do not ingest toxin on first serving (needs incubation period). Therefore, food must be left out for spores to germinate and grow Symptoms start about 8 – 24 hours after ingestion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps last about 1-2 days Avoid by properly reheating food |
| 16. What is Listeriosis? | Not and enterobactor!! Listeria monocytogenes, (high monocyte count) Gram positive rod Facultative anaerobe Psychrotroph Number one to cause death in the US. It is susceptible to heat The incubation period is 2 weeks so one will take an antibiotic for 2 weeks This bacteria is evasive and will hide in the macrophages May cause meningitis in children and elderly and miscarriage in pregnant women and cows To avoid it just don’t eat it and if you do heat it up first. |
| 17. What causes Listeriosis and who is most susceptible? | Unpasteurized foods and non re heated food that is contaminated with it. Immune compromised, elderly, children and pregnant women |
| 18. What causes travelers diarrhea? | E. Coli ETEC enterotoxigenic produces two enterotoxins |
| 19. Which E. coli strain is associated with under cooked hamburger and Jack-in-the-Box restaurant? | EHEC enterohemorrhagic produces shigella toxin |
| 20. Why should infants under one not be fed honey? | They could get infantile botulism from the concentrated botulism spores in the honey that Will germinate due to the under developed microflora in a baby’s GI tract. |
| 21. What are the symptoms of Salmonellosis? | Incubation period generally 6 to 48 hours with an infectious dose of at least 100,000 cells Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, blood invasion uncommon |
| 22. What foods are associated with salmonella outbreaks? | Fecal contaminated food from sources such as under cooked poultry and eggs ( it is in the egg before the shell forms) due to Chicken being raised in filth they are now carriers of it (chicken, duck turkey) Reptile pets (lizards, turtles) Fecal contaminated food from infected sources of beef and other animals Unpasteurized milk |
| 23. What are the symptoms of Salmonella typhi? | Incubation period is 5-21 days Organisms is enteroinvasive and will penetrate the intestinal lining causing ulcerations. Symptoms include: fever, abdominal pain and bloody stools. Blood invasion occurs as organisms becomes systemic. Mounting fever occurs causing lethargy and delirium. 30% of cases will develop rose colored spots on the skin Symptoms can last for 3-4 weeks Untreated 15% of individuals will die |
| 24. What aids the S. typhi organisms in its ability to be transmitted? | Transmission is by the five F’s 1. feces 2. fingers 3. fomites 4. flies 5. food |
| 25. What is salmonella typhi? | Enteroinvasive enterobacter Resistant to stomach acid barrier Resistant to external environmental conditions and can live outside host for a prolonged period of time Humans only host Requires smaller infectious dose because of resistance |
| 26. Treatment of S. typhi is with what drug? | Antibiotic treatment is administered for Salmonella typhi and generally successful little resistancy 5% of recovers will become carriers for a year or more (some lifelong) Most famous lifelong carrier was Mary Mallon aka “Typhoid Mary” Most US cases of Typhoid fever are contracted while visiting other countries Vaccine is available to travelers going to areas where disease is common. People like military, missionaries and such Not 100% effective and requires frequent boosters and is limited US treatment of waste water virtually eliminates Typhoid fever in the US. |
| 27. What organ may be removed to stop a person from being a carrier of S. typhi? | Gallbladder |
| 28. What are the general symptoms of dysentery? | Form of shigellosis caused 1 million deths annually, deadly epidemic in world war 3 : fever, abdominal pain, bloody mucoid stools |
| 29. What type of organism is shigella? | Enterobacter Enterotoxin production—shiga toxin Reservoir: Humans primary reservoir, fecal contamination to other sources |
| 30. What is the general pathogenesis of shigella? | Fecal contaminated food and water Foods commonly associated: eggs, raw vegetables, shellfish, and dairy products Low infectious dose of fewer than 100 cells. May be spread person to person by improper washing of hands since infectious dose is so low. Like typhoid it can be spread by the 5 F’s S. sonnei--Continues to be a problem in daycare centers and is the major cause of shigellosis in US S. dysenteriae—causes deadly epidemic dysentery in 3rd world (65 millions cases and 1 million deaths annually |
| 31. Is there immunization available for shigella? | Treatment is fluid rehydration, and electrolytes (salts). IV for severe cases Antibiotics of limited effectiveness because many strains are resistant Become a carrier for a month or more so proper hand washing is important to not spread disease to other. No vaccine available |
| 32. What organism causes cholera? | Vibrio cholera Gram negative curved rod (vibro) Falcultative anaerobe Enterotoxin production: causes extreme water loss from intestinal tract ( makes the intestinal lining just dump water) Reservoir: sea and costal waters very hard to manage making it a pandemic. Tsunamis will contaminate the waters |
| 33. What are the symptoms of cholera? | Extremely sensitive to stomach acid so large infectious dose required Generally 2-3 day incubation period Toxin causes water loss from intestinal lining Rice water stools as the intestinal lining starts to sluff off. Blood will get thick and make clots which can cause stroke and so on. Major symptoms: low grade fever, watery diarrhea, Severe infections: may lose a liter of body fluid an hour. Development of rice water stools. Skin gets cold and gray, blood can thicken and increase blood pressure, muscle spasms from electrolyte loss, possible blood clot formation and stroke |
| 34. Why is cholera more deadly than some of the other foodborne infections? | Consumption of contaminated water Consumption of oysters and other shellfish growing in contaminated water Vegetables grown in contaminated water (rice) Vegetables that have been contaminated by growing in “night soil” (human poo soil fertilizer) Need a large dose to get the disease. Can hide in protozoa |
| 35. What is the standard treatment for cholera? | Fluid rehydration with electrolytes major course of treatment. IV fluid replacement in severe cases. Need to replenish electrolights Antibiotic treatment is secondary. No vaccine is available Common for Cholera to break out in areas of the world where water treatment is lacking Several pandemics of cholera have occurred |
| 36. Describe the foodborne infections? | Enterobacters -Salmonella enteritidis & typhimurium -Salmonella typhi Typhoid Fever -E. Coli 3 types: -ETEC—Enterotoxigenic (intestinal tract toxcin) -EPEC—Enteropathogenic ( typhid?) -EHEC—Enterohemorrhagic (perforating intestinal lining) - Cholera - Shigella sonnei & dysenteriae - Listeria monocytogenes (high monocyte count) |
| 37. Describe the foodborne intoxications? | Intoxications: one has ingested toxin that bacteria have produced - Clostridium botulinum exotoxin that produces a neurotoxin - Staphylococcal Food Poisoning - Clostridial food poisoning |
| 38. What organism causes anthrax and what are the characteristics of it? | Bacillus anthracis Gram positive rod Aerobic or facultative anaerobic Produces endospores Thick capsule production 3 different exotoxins are produced Reservoir: soil, dust, manure from infected animals Enzootic—disease endemic to a population of animals. Especially grazing animals (cattle, sheep, goats, horses) who ingest the spores from the soil. Once ingested the spores readily germinate into vegetative bacterial cells and body organs fill with bloody black fluid. 80% of untreated animals will die Vaccine is available for cattle and is very effective |
| 39. Who is more susceptible to contracting anthrax | People working with animals are most susceptible |
| 39.1 What are the types of Anthrax | 1. Inhalation Anthrax: Spores are inhaled and form a type of pneumonia Must be treated promptly and is usually fatal without early treatment May form a black sputum 2. Intestinal Anthrax Spores are ingested in undercooked contaminated meat Nausea, vomiting of blood, diarrhea, abdominal pain 25-60% mortality if not treated 3. Cutaneous Anthrax Spores are introduced into a wound area Forms a black crusty lesion of necrotic tissue on skin Low mortality if treated. 20% mortality in untreated cases 95% of anthrax cases in US Endospores where used as a bioterrorism weapon. October of 2001 spread through the mail. 22 cases where reported. 11 inhalation and 11 cutaneous 5 deaths occurred with the inhalation even though prompt treatment was administered Vaccine is available but only given to individuals with a high incidence of possible exposure to spores |
| 40. Which organism causes tetanus? | Clostridium tetani produce tetnospasm which doesn’t allow a muscle to relax |
| 41. Would tetanus be a candidate for irradication? Why or why not? | No the reservoir is soil, water, and poo |
| 42. What are the symptoms of tetanus? | Tetanus symptoms can often begin within hours of exposure to the spores. The spores germinate in the dead tissue and start producing the toxin which gets into the blood stream First symptoms are generalized muscle stiffness especially in the facial and swallowing muscles Spasms of jaw muscles cause the teeth to clench= Lockjaw Spasms can cause an arching of the back (may even break the back) Spasms in diaphragm lead to death |
| 43. How is tetanus treated and is there a vaccine available? | 3 main treatments: Antitoxin must be administered to destroy the toxin in the blood stream (it is what causes the symptoms) Penicillin or another antibiotic is given to kill the organism so that toxin production ceases Muscle relaxers and sedatives given to relax muscles already affected. May take weeks for full recovery |
| 44. What is gangrene? | Gangrene occurs in tissue that has lost it’s blood supply and oxygen. The tissue starts to die and necrose Two types of gangrene Dry gangrene: Tissue has necrosed but no infection has occurred Gas gangrene: Tissue has necrosed and there is an infection |
| 45. What organism causes gas gangrene? | Clostridium perfringes |
| 46. What treatment is often necessary in gangrene? | Multiple treatments may be necessary. 1. Debridement of dead tissue so organism cannot grow in it 2. Antibiotics 3. Hyperbaric oxygen chamber to force oxygen into wound. 4. Maggots |
| 47. Why is anthrax an enzootic disease? | It affects animals like cows and sheep that are grazers |
| 48. What animal has a vaccine for lyme disease? | Dogs |
| 49. What animal has a vaccine for anthrax? When are these animals typically vaccinated for anthrax? | Cows when symptoms are shown in other cattle |
| 50. What organism causes bubonic and pneumonic plague? | Yersinia pestis Gram negative rod, Facultative anaerobe Vector: rat flea Zoonosis: Predominately in rats |
| 51. What are the mortality rates for untreated bubonic and pneumonic plague? | - Bubonic plague Vectored by the rat flea - Normal host dies of plague (rat), rat flea needs new host. Jumps on humans and transmits Yersinia pestis to humans - Organisms multiplies in body and causes visible swelling of lymph nodes. Buboes. - Dark purplish splotches on skin may occur - Organism becomes systemic and can spread to the lungs. Person now will develop pneumonic plague. - 50-60% mortality rate if untreated - Pneumonic plague - Spread by respiratory droplet. - Organism goes straight into lungs and causes severe pneumonia - Highly contagious - Death usually occurs within 2-3 days - Mortality rate reached 100% |
| 52. Which disease can be treated with maggots? Why is this treatment successful? | Gangrene because they only eat necrosis tissue not healthy tissue |
| 53. How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme disease spread? | Through tick bites |
| 54. What are the stages of Lyme disease? | Incubation period can be anywhere from 3-31 days Untreated typically has 3 stages: 1. Early localized stage: fever, fatigue, aches, pains and a slowly expanding rash at the bite site called an erythema migrans (EM). Looks like a bulls-eye and is usually hot to the touch. About 20% of individuals do not develop the rash. May not know they have contracted the disease 2. Early Disseminated Stage: Begins weeks to months later Spirochete spreads into the skin, heart, nervous system and the joints On skin multiple smaller EM’s may develop Nervous system symptoms may lead to meningitis, facial palsy and peripheral nerve disorders. Such as, numbness, tingling, muscle twitches. Cardiac abnormalities such as irregular heart beat, heart palpatations Muscle and joint pain 3. Late Stage Occurs months to years later About 10% of patients develop chronic arthritis with swelling in large joints Damage is permanent Mortality rate is very low but damage to body can be substantial |
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