Flashcards
social individual
Cards in this deck (179)
- 1Self knowledgeSelf concept
Information about self
self awareness
self esteem
self-deception - 2Interpersonal self (public self)Self-presentation
Member of groups
relationship partner
social roles
Relationship partner
reputation - 3Agent self (Executive functioning)Decision making
self-control
Taking charge of situations
Active responding - 4Self awareness theory ( Duval & Wicklund ) 1972Looking at a mirror leads to self awareness.
People who are self aware feel bad because they notice discrepancies between who they are the standards.
*shape up by matching the behaviour to the standard
*Ship out :Trying to escape the self-aware state - 5Self compared to standardsConcept of how things might possibly be
- Ideals,norms,expectations,moral principles,Laws,past experience
: used at the age of 2 - 6Purpose of self awarenessSelf regulation
self control
Adopt the perspective of other people
Manage behaviour in pursuit of goals
-Self awareness also function as an agency or savant. - 7food and the selfEating allows escape from negative thought about self
Eating can serve as a distraction from negative thoughts about the self. - 8dieting and the selfDieters are high in public self-consciousness
-Low in privater self awareness
includes ignoring hunger
Losing awareness of "fullness" - 9Looking-Glass (Cooley 1902)you IMAGINE how you will appear to others
1) you imagine how you appear to others
2) you IMAGINE how you will be judged
3)develop an emotional response as a result of imaging how others will judge - 10Mead (1934)Feedback from others tell us who and what
we are
Note:discrepancies between friends real opinion and what you think they think of you. - 11evaluating the looking glassMay not know how people honestly regard them
-people are reluctant to give negative comments
-people may not be receptive to negative comments
: Conspiracy of silence
- - 12problems with introspection:) Privileged access
:( Development-children under 11 (parents know better)
Nisbett and Wilson attack on privileged access
We may know what we think and feel, but not why,
what are our motives? (the duplex mind??) - 13social comparison (upward and downward social comparisonsUpward
-Inspiring / discouraging
(Downward)
Feel good / Settle for less - 14Self-perception theory Over-justification Effect* Self as accountant
*Intrinsic motivation diminishes for activities associated with expected rewards. - 15why do people seek appraisal Appraisal self enhancement Consistency*Appraisal - looking for the truth about oneself
*Self-enhancement Motive
Looking for flattering things about self
* Consistency Motive
Looking for confirmation about current belief about self. - 16motives weakest to strongestSelf-enhancement= Strongest motive
Consistency = second Motive
Appraisal motive= Weakest motive - 17Trade-off Self handicapping-Failure can be blamed on obstacle
-success assumes higher competence.
– Non-contingent IQ tests(accidental/unsolvable
problems) choose obstacle (Pandocrin supposed to decrease intellectual performance) Contingent choose intelligence booster (Actavil) - 18Self-Knowledge and the Duplex MindAutomatic egoism: , self enhancing
Modesty: conscious/deliberate control - 19Self-reference effectInformation bearing on self is processed more deeply and remembered better.
- 20Endowment EffectItems gain value to the person who owns them.
- 21Self reference effect Rogers ( 1977 )Participants indicate to what extend a word is either long / short , meaningful
Afterwards as a surprise to recall as much as possible.
= does it describe you = best - 22Self-esteemHigh
- positive views
low
-Absence of strong positive views - 23Low self esteem–Do not want to fail
Self-concept confusion
Focus on self-protection
More prone to emotional highs and lows
More prone to depression?
leads to aggression ? - 24Dustorted perceptions of non-depressedPositive Illusions
– Overestimate good qualities
- Underestimate faults
– Overestimate control over events
- Unrealistically optimistic - 25Self-deception strategies1) Self Serving Bias
I did not sleep last night
2) More skeptical of bad feedback
– Just a bad exam
3) Junk Mail Theory of Self-Deception
YOU suck’ Did you just say you were
hungry?
4) Comparisons with those slightly worse
– Did you hear about Pete he failed his
driving exam 6 times? - 26Benefits of High Self-Esteem• Initiative
– Confidence you can do the right thing
– More adventurous in activities
• Feels Good
– Helps one to overcome bad feelings
– If they fail, more likely to try again - 27Negative Aspects of High Self-Esteem• Narcissism
Subset of high self-esteem
Tend to be more aggressive and violent
• Higher Prejudice
– Tend to think their group is better - 28Sex and self esteem-evidence does not show that high self estee• Link between self-esteem and virginity in men
(age 20) but not women
• Women with high self-esteem ignore
pregnancy risk and underestimate dangers of sexm is linked to saying no to sex - 29self - humans only ?Self-Awareness
Self-Concept
Self is a human tool for
-Gaining social acceptance
-Participating in culture - 30True selfSelf as and impulse
INNER THOUGHTS OR FEELINGS
Self as an institution
PUBLIC BEHAVIOURS,ESPECIALLY ROLE - 31Cultural Differences of SelfhoodIndependent self-construal
What makes the self different
Interdependent self-construal
What connects the self to the group - 32Fluctuating Image(s) of SelfPhenomenal Self (Working Self-Concept)
– Unusual aspects about you become
prominent
– Being lone member of some category
• Heightens self-awareness
• Can impair performance - 33Basking VS BlastingGroup membership may enhance positive
feelings about self (Cialdini et.al, 1976)
– Basking - Linking oneself to winners
– Blasting - Criticizing a rival group
• People show a stronger tendency to blast
(negative) than bask (positive) - 34Self presentation• Behaviors that convey an image to others
• Public Esteem
More important than private self-esteem
• Public Behavior
– Acting for the audience - 35Functions of Self-Presentation ^Social Acceptance • Claiming IdentitySocial Acceptance
– Increase chance of acceptance and
maintain place within the group
• Claiming Identity
– Social validation of claims to identity - 36The duplex mindOutside of consciousness
Simple operations
complex operations - 37what are schemas and scripts ?Schemas : Substantial information about a concept, its attributes and relationships to other concepts
Scripts : schemas about certain events - 38What is priming What is framing ?-Activating the concept of mind
This influences subsequent thinking
May trigger automatic processes
-Presentation as positive or negative - 39What atre the two processes to suppress thoughtAutomatic - checks for incoming information related to unwanted thought
Controlled- redirects attention away from unwanted thought - 40we always come up with explanations to explain failure and successInternal Stable – Ability (I am a genius)
Internal Unstable – Effort (I am a bit lazy at times)
External Stable – Difficulty of task (Difficult topic)
External Unstable – Luck (Stupid exam) - 41Heuristic Representativeness and availability:Mental short cuts
-Representativeness:
judge likelihood by the extent it resembles the typical-
: Availabily
Judge likelihood by ease with which relevant instances
come to mind - 42two types of information-Statistical information
-Case history ( people pay more attention to this one ) - 43Coonfirmation BiasTendency to notice and search for information that
confirms one’s beliefs and ignore information that
disconfirms it - 44Illusory correlationTendency to overestimate link between variables that are
related only slightly or not at all - 45Base rate fallacyTendency to ignore base rate information and be influenced by
distinctive features of the case - 46Gamblers fallacyTendency to believe that a chance event is affected by previous
events and will “even out” - 47false consensus effect vs False uniqueness effect- False consensus =Tendency to underestimate the number of other people who share one's opinions
False uniqueness=, tendency to underestimate the number of people who share ones prize characteristics or abilities - 48Statistical RegressionStatistical tendency for extremes to be followed by less extreme or closer to average
- 49Illusion of ControlA false belief that one can influence events
( e.g. gamblers ) - 50Counter-factual thinking what if!!!Upward= Psositive = if only we would have a roof (future)
Downward = thoink of a more Negative outcome = Comfort it could have been worse ‘happy I still have my
other leg’ - 51social cognition what makes us humansOnly humans can engage in counter-factual thinking
- 52The need to belong Theory Baumeister & LearyNeed to belong is a powerful drive within the human psyche
- to form close lasting relationships - 532 key components to belongingnessRegular social contact
close stable intimate contact - 54not belonging is bad for you:( Death rates are higher among people without social connections
:( People without good social network have more physical and mental health problems - 55Attraction and similarity Matching hypothesis-People change to become more similar to those with whom they interact
similar attractiveness=progress
- people tend to pair up with others of similar attractiveness - 56Attraction : reciprocityMimicking increases liking ( The chameleon effect)
- 57Attraction: exposurePropinquity : being near someone on a regular basis
Mere exposure effect :
shared experiences - 58Social allergy effect-Annoying habits become more annoying over time
-Familiarity and repeated exposure can make bad things worse, - 59Festinger et al. (1950) Proximity–
Strongest predictor of friendships was
propinquity (regular closeness/ proximity) - 60Testosterone Trade-offs:) more exiting
:(less reliable
eg high testosterone = divorced,never married
*better to find mates not to maintain stable families - 61Attraction attractiveness*Attractive children are more popular with
peers and teachers
MEN: clothing, status ,wealth, - 62Physical attractiveness Kalick 1977Harvard (mostly male) students rated women before and after
cosmetic surgery.
= after surgery, women judged more attractive kinder, more sensitive, more sexually warm and responsive. - 63Self-defeating behavioura bad trade
off between desired, usually short-term
outcomes and undesired long-term outcomes
(Baumeister & Scher, 1988;) - 64Twenge et al 202-Manipulated “social exclusion”
fake personality test those who got future alone feedback procrastinate more before the test
chose worse lottery odds - 65why do people make bad decisions after social exclusioncognitive disorientation : absent,
disorganised thinking, possibly designed to avoidemotional distress and self-blame (Twenge et al.,
2002)
After social exclusion, people are literally lessintelligent (Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2003)
Another possibility: people lose touch with “somaticmarker”; i.e., their gut feelings (Damasio, 2005) - 66Rejection and foodFears of rejection are linked to eating binges
and eating disorders
Rejected people are more likely to eat
fattening or junk food
Rejection undermines self-regulation
Baumeister, DeWall, et al., (2005) - 67Behavioural effects of rejectionShow decreases in intelligent thought
become skeptic
less generous/ helpful
impulsive - 68Why are people rejected- because they are aggressive
because they withdraw from contact (Dismissive avoidant DA)
for being different (adults) - 69social rejection within–
-Groups reject insiders more than outsiders for the same degree of deviance
Deviance within the group threatens the
group’s unity - 70Bad apple effectOne person who breaks the rules may
inspire others to do the same - 71internal and external rejectionprivately held reasons:
Internal your ugly,small
reasons told external :
I have piano lessons - 72emotion mood Afectemotion:A conscious evaluative reaction to some event
mood : A feeling state that is not clearly linked to some event
Affect : the automatic response that something is good or bad - 73James-Lange theorythe bodily processes of emotion come first and the mind's perception of these bodily reactions then crates the subjective feeling of emotion
:( has been difficult to prove
:) facial feedback hypothesis: feedback from face muscles evokes or magnifies emotion - 74Cannon-bard theoryThe thalamus sends two messages at he same time as a reaction to emotional stimulus
1) one that produces the emotional experience
2) one that produces physiological arousal - 75Schacter-singer theoryEmotions have two components:
Physiological arousal is similar in all emotions
the cognitive label is different
emotion
physiological < > cognitive label
Experienced emotion - 76Is Bad Stronger Than Good? Names for EmotionsBad emotions have more influence and
importance than good emotions
Anthropolinguistic study of emotional
language 62% of emotion words refer to bad
74% emotional traits were negative
Of 12 most common emotions listed 11
are negative - 771) Affect balance 2)Life satisfaction1)Frequency of positive minus negative emotions
2) General evaluation of ones's life and how it compares to some standards - 78increasing happinessFocused attention on positive
Forgiving others
Gratitude
Practising religious beliefs
Optimism
* Happiness is linked to good health:) - 79AngerEmotional response to real or imagined threat or provocation
*Angry people downplay risks and overlook dangers
* Are impulsive and fail to consider consequences of actions - 80What makes someone angryPerceived reaction to someone else's wrong doing
_ more likely when
They see others's behaviour viewed as random or arbitrary.
others viewed as cruel - 81Why does anger persists-people are motivated to act assertively
-Anger helps reduce aggression
-In the past, anger may have provided needed arousal - 82Ways of expressing angerVenting
Catharsis
intense physical exercise
Decrease arousal - 83Guilt and shameguilt: focuses on action that is bad or wrong / its constructive
Shame: spreads to whole person
it is destructive - 84‘Affect-as-information’ hypothesis:people judge something based
on how they feel about it. - 85Risk- as feeling HypothesisHow severe the worst
outcome is and how likely is it to happen? - 866 basic emotionsHappiness,
surprise
fear
anger
sadness
disgust. - 87CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAsian Americans : greater emphasis on emotional moderation than European Americans.
Collectivist cultural emotion based more on assessment of social worth, outer world, self-other relationships - 88Gender differences in emotionNo gender differences found
in young children greater in boys
Men may be slightly more emotional, but
women are more willing to report emotions - 89men and women and lovemen fall in love faster
me n fall out of love faster
* men have more experiences of loving someone who does not reciprocate their love
* Women have more experiences of receiving love but not reciprocating it
Men suffer more intense emotional distress after break up. - 90Yankees-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law
Some arousal is good for performance
Too much arousal can hurt performance
*Arousal helps narrow and focus attention Easterbrook (1959) - 91Emotional EQPerceiving Emotion
Facilitating Thought
Understanding Emotion
Managing Emotions - 92Affect Regulation StrategiesAltering your mood
-Do things that produce good feelings
-Do something to take your mind off the
problem
-Raise or lower your arousal level
-Seek social support - 93Affect Regulation Strategies*Dealing with the problem
Re frame the problem
Use humour
Vent your feelings
Religious activities ( prayer) - 94Gender differences in affect reguationwhen distressed women tend to ruminate
men tend to distract themselves
women eat more
men turn to alcohol/drugs
men use humour
women shop - 95what is aggressionIts an intentional behavior where the intent is to harm,
- 96Instinct theories of aggression PsychodynamicAGGRESSION-death instinct-Thanatos
Aggression comes from instinct (Lorenz, 1963) only most aggressive genes procreate - 97Learning theories of aggressionAggression is a learned behavior
Modeling
Children who watched the aggressive model had the highest level of aggression - 98Aggression learning ad animalsKitten and rats raised together > 0% cats killed rats
Raised isolated 50 % of cats killed rats
Raised with killing mother 85 % killed rats - 99Frustration-aggression hypothesis (1939)Existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression
:( Nowadays researchers agree that aggression can occur without frustration and frustration not always instigates aggression - 100frustrationaggression is increesaed by frustration
but they can both happen without each other - 101Bushman (2001) Inner causes of aggressionif one believes that attention will reduce anger they will behave more aggressively
.Study Bushman (2001) participants received placebo with effect that anger would stay same for an hour. Participants did not increase aggression. - 1021Hostile attribution bias 2Hostile perception bias 3Hostile expectation bias1)Perceive ambiguous actions as aggressively
2_ percieveing social interactions as being
aggressive
3 Hostile expectation bias
Assume that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression - 103Age and aggression25% of toddler interactions in day-care settings involve physical aggression
Limited alternatives for solving conflict - 104Gender and aggressionWhen under stress
Males – fight or flight syndrome
Females – tend and befriend syndrome
In all known societies – men just over age of puberty commit most violent crimes and acts
Females exhibit more relational aggression - 105External causes of aggressionUnpleasant Environments
Hot temperatures are associated with aggression and violence
Think of effects global warming !
Effects of global warming
Loud noises, foul odors, air pollution, and crowding can increase aggression - 106Chemical influenceTestosterone
Serorotonin
Alcohol - 107Alcohol and attentionReduces inhibitions
Narrowing effect on attention
Decreases self-awareness
Disrupts executive function - 108Diet and violenceSkipping junk food led to 47 % reduction in violence in prison
Vitamin supplements reduces antisocial behavior - 109types of n normsInjunctive Specify what most approve or disapprove of
Can be effective in reducing litter
Descriptive norms
Specify what most people do
Have not been effective in reducing litter - 110Stern-berg TrianglePassion : Emotional state with high bodily arousal
Intimacy:Feelings of closeness,mutual understanding
Commitment:Conscious decision remain constant - 111Different types ofrelationship-Exchange relationships:
More frequent in broader society
Increases societal progress and wealth
-Communal relationships:
More frequent in close intimate relationship
More desirable healthier mature - 112ShaverIdentified attachment styles to describe adult relationships
Anxious/Ambivalent – Secure - Avoidant - 113Four attachment styles-Dismissing avoidant
-Secure avoidant attachment
-Fearful avoidant attachment
-Preoccupied attachment - 114Secure attachment Preoccupied-Low anxiety ;Low avoidance
Positive attitude towards others and self
-Low avoidance;high anxiety
positive attitude towards others;negative attitude towards self - 115* Dismissing avoidant * Fearful avoidant attachment*Low anxiety; High avoidance
Negative attitude toward others; positive toward self
*
High anxiety; High avoidance
Low opinions of self and others - 116bad stronger good in relationshipsPositive interactions must occur at least five times as often as negative
- 117Investment ModelThree factors to explain long-term relationships
Satisfaction
Alternatives
Investments - 118Difference in terms of attributionRelationship enhancing
Good acts - internal; bad - external factors
Distress-maintaining style
Good acts - external factors; bad - internal - 119Thinking Styles of Couples*Optimism in the relationship
Happy couples have an idealized version of their relationship
*Devaluing alternatives
People in lasting relationships do not find others appealing - 120Sex and gendercoolidge effect :
Men have a stronger sex drive than women
Men are more likely to seek and enjoy sex without love
Women are more likely to enjoy love without sex - 121food and relationshipsReduced eating correlated with desire for social acceptance
women seeking to make a good impression than to men - 122Extradyadic SexMost reliable data suggests infidelity is rare in modern Western marriages
Tolerance for extramarital sex is fairly low
Extramarital sex is a risk factor for break ups
Can not demonstrate causality - 123Reasons for StrayingMen desire novelty
Sometimes engage in extramarital sex without complaint about their marriage
Women’s infidelity characterized by emotional attachment to lover
Usually dissatisfied with current partner - 124Jealousy and Possessiveness (cultural)Cultural: Product of social roles and expectations
Society can modify jealousy but can not eliminate it - 125jealousy ( evolutionary )Men – ensure they were not supporting someone else’s child
Women –if husband becomes emotionally involved with another, may withhold resources - 126Jealousy and Type of InterloperJealousy depends on how their traits compare to the third party
Both men and women are more jealous if the third party is a man rather than a woman - 127Social realitySocial reality
Public awareness of some event
Important role in jealousy
High social reality = High jealousy
The more other people know about your partner’s infidelity, the more jealousy - 128Normative social influenceGoing along with the crowd to be liked
need to belong
acceptance within the group:common beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors - 129Ash normative influenceConformity increases as group size increases
Dissent reduces conformity - 130Informational social influenceGoing along with the crowd because you believe the crowd knows more than you do
Ambiguous situation
Crisis situation - 1311) Foot-in-the-door technique 2)Low ball technique1) poquito a poquito entra a lacasa pida algo pogquito y luego algo grande
2) start with low cost and then reveal hidden cost - 132Bait-and-Switch TechniqueDraw people in with an attractive offer that is not available and then switch to a less attractive offer that is available
Based on principle of commitment and consistency - 133Labeling TechniqueYou look to me like hardworking students who like to experience participating in a study
- 134Door-in-the face techniquestart with inflated technique and the request smaller one on so it appears more realistic
- 135persuasionAttempt to change a person’s mind
A form of social influence
Three components of persuasion
Who – Source of the message
Say What – Actual message
To Whom – Audience - 136Source credibilityHovland & Heiss (1951):
Highly credible sources more immediate opinion change
Over time people separated the message from the messenger (sleeper effect) - 137Halo effectwe assume they have other desirable traits such as intelligence
- 138HumourPeople pay more attention to humorous than serious messages.
Humour can make a source more likable
40% of as employ humour - 139fearToo much fear – defensive reactions
Moderate fear appeals – most persuasive
:( Instilling fear is unreliable mode of influence - 140Fear appeals persuasive ifDo not paralyze the audience with fear
Audience is susceptible to danger
Audience is told how to avoid the danger - 141Stealing ThunderKey: people expect communicators to argue for their own best interests, so they are taken aback when Cs do the opposite and argue against their own self-interests
- 142negative campaigingNegative campaigning doesn’t win many votes but might decrease the opponent’s votes
- 143Message RepetitionWorks if initial opinion is at least neutral
If neutral or positive response initially, repeated exposure = persuasive message - 144High need for cognition High in public self-consciousness*are more persuaded by strong arguments
*are more persuaded by name brand and styles - 145Two routes of persuasion*Central route
Involves conscious processing
Careful and thoughtful consideration
*Peripheral route
Involves automatic processing
Influenced by some simple cue - 146Elaboration likelihood modelPersonal relevance
need for cognition
-Tsal= Weak arguments were more effective with distracted participants.
strong arguments worked best on the central route— not distracted - 147ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD modelIf a person is motivated and able to process the message, the outcome of the processing that occurs depends on the…
Quality of the arguments
Initial attitude (sets limits on attitude change) - 148Elaboration likelihood if not motivated or able to process =Persuaded by
Experts know best
The more arguments, the better
Good products are more expensive
What is beautiful is good - 149Elaboration Likelihood Model model summaryPersuasion by peripheral route weak, temporary attitude change
Persuasion by central route much more durable and powerful attitude change
(but more difficult to use – needs strong, effective arguments) - 150How to resist persuasionAttitude inoculation :
exposing to weakened doses of viruses – immune systems stronger - 151* Attitudes * Beliefs*are global evaluations towards an object or issue
* Information about something ;Facts or opinions - 152Measuring implicit attitudes( IAT )implicit association test
1 REPORT ATTITUDES (explicit)
2) quickly classify pictures (implicit)
take more time to make associations with stigmatized groups
;( control cognitive capabilities
:might measure (personal attitudes,
perceived societal views, - 153Mere exposure effect Zanjoc 1968the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they
see or encounter them repeatedly.
Exception - If you dislike something initially, repeated exposure will
not change that attitude – might make it worse… - 154PolarizationAttitudes become more extreme
as we think about them
and evaluate evidence in a biased manner
÷ Accept evidence more from ingroup members - 155Consistency TheoriesSpecify conditions required for consistency and inconsistency
* Assume inconsistency is unpleasant
¡ Specify conditions required to restore consistency - 156Balance theory Pox theory* Focus on 3 elements
Person,other person-attitudes
:( Assumes symmetry of relations eg p likes o but does o like p
:( Doesn’t consider strength of relationships
:(`Only accommodates situations involving three
elements - 157cognitive dissonance*
refers to the unpleasant state
we feel when attitudes and behavior are inconsistent
Causes people to rationalize their behavior and bring their
attitude into line with their actions
People want to maintain consistency
¡ Feel bad when they caught themselves being inconsistent - 158Consistency conscious vs unconsciousAutomatic system detects inconsistencies and send out alarm signals
(distress, arousal)
Conscious system then steps in and finds some resolution to the
inconsistency - 159the link between behavior and attitude is weak(Wicker
(1969) – reviewed 47 studies
eg Chinese study only rejected once but
92% said that they would not accommodate guests - 160predicting behaviors based on attitudes good when1) measures of very specific attitudes
2) behaviors are aggregated over time and situations.
3)Attitudes are consciously salient
4)Attitudes comes to mind easily - 161Duplex mindAutomatic system: is uncritical and accepting -
Conscious : can override and change belief to unbelief - 162Assumption words (Janoff Bulman (1992) ¡ World is benevolent ¡ World is fair and just ¡ I am a good personPeople live in social worlds based on certain beliefs about reality.
¡ World is benevolent – people are nice, life is safe, good things
happen in life
¡ World is fair and just – world is fair, people get what they
deserve
¡ I am a good person – I have value and therefore deserve good
things - 163What is pro-social behavior1) Doing something good for someone or society.
2) Builds relationship allows society to function.
Such as obeying rules,conforming to socially acceptable behavior,Co-operating with others. - 164Effective rule of law Public circumstances* when members of a society respect and follow its rules” – ‘being a good citizen’
Fairness and justice
* Public circumstances
Wanting to make a good impression
Study (Satow, 1975) showed that public condition (one way mirror versus no one watching) participants donated 7 times more - 165equity VS equalityEquity the idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes
Equality the idea that everyone gets the same amount - 166under-benefited Over-benefited1) getting less than deserved
2)Getting more than deserved - 167Trades-offs prisoner's DilemmaNon-zero-sum game an interaction in which both participants can win (or lose).
Zero-sum game situation in which one person’s gain is another’s loss. - 168ForgivenessForgiveness helps repair relationships
Provides health benefits to both parties
Interesting study (Paleari, Regalia & Fincham, 2005):
*Satisfaction does not predict forgiveness in relationships but forgiveness predicts satisfaction - 169when is forgiveness more likely ??when : Minor offense
Offender apologizes
who: Religious people
People committed to a relationship
Not self-centered or narcissistic - 170evolutionary perspective of why people helpKin selection: suggest we should help people who share our genes
The closer we are genetically the more likely we are to help - 171WHy do we help 1) Egoism : 2) Altruism (Batson's approach to helping )1) to get something back or because it helps us reduce our own distress
2) it is motivated by empathy,We reduce their stress ,our emotional response corresponds to the feelings of the other person - 172Empathy ( Batson et al study )*WOMAN WHO WAS SENSITIVE TO ELECTRIC SHOCKS
people in the high-empathy group helped regardless of whether escape was easy or difficult. In the low-empathy group, people helped mainly when they could not escape. - 173Helping and gendderMales :are more likely to help in public
Females : are more likely to help in the family sphere ,close relationships that require repeated contact - 174helping and attractivenessPeople are more likely to help attractive individuals than unattractive individuals
Airport phone booth study: application form with pic more likely to post when it was an attractive person - 175helping behavior and belief in a just worldThose who believe in a just world will often blame the victim
Just world believers will help others only if they think those people deserve help - 176The by-standard effectPeople are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone
crowd interferes with 5 steps of hrlping - 177Diffusion of responsibility experimentExperiment:85% more likely to help when alone than with 4 other ppl present
*: no sign of indifference or apathy - 1785 steps for helping :1)notice
2) interpret meaning of event
3)take responsibility
4)capable
5)decide whether to take action
costs and benefits of helping - 179Obedience MilgramMajority of participants delivered extreme shocks to a screaming victim in obedience to an authority figure
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- Flashcards on social individual , created by gatalina9511 on 28/04/2015.
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