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Description
Flashcards by Diamond Sapphire, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Diamond Sapphire
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the function of the respiratory system? | Allows animals to move oxygen into body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from cells |
| Why is oxygen necessary? | Required for cellular respiration |
| What is carbon dioxide? | Waste product of cellular respiration |
| What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system? | 1. Conducting portion 2. Respiratory portion |
| What are the components of the conducting portion? | Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
| What is the function of the conducting portion? | To conduct and condition the inspired air before it reaches the lungs |
| What are the components of the respiratory portion? | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
| What is the main function of the respiratory portion? | To perform gaseous exchange |
| The nasal cavity consists of what 3 divisions? | The vestibular region, the respiratory region, and the olfactory region |
| The respiratory region and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity comprise the ___ ___ | Nasal fossa |
| Anterior portion of the nasal cavity; forms a true entrance into the respiratory system; highly pigmented, thickened stratified squamous epithelial lining | Vestibular region |
| Lies within the nasal septum | Nasal fossa |
| Main function of the nasal fossa | To condition inspired air |
| What does “conditioning” inspired air consist of? | Cleansing, moistening, and warming of the air |
| The respiratory epithelium of the nasal fossa cleanse inspired air by... | Trapping particles such as dust and pollen |
| The goblet cells and sero-mucus glands of the nasal fossa ... the inspired air | Moisten |
| The venous plexus of the nasal fossa ... the inspired air | Warms |
| Moves mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity to the pharynx | Cilia |
| Create turbulence in the inspired air to trap small particulates in mucus | Nasal concha |
| Respiratory region contains ___ epithelium that function to trap particles from the passing air | Respiratory |
| What are the 4 respiratory epithelium cell types | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, basal cells, and brush cells |
| Function of basal cells | Source of replacement for ciliated and goblet cells |
| Function of ciliated cells | Beating of cilia sweeps mucus containing inhaled particles towards the pharynx for swallowing |
| Function of goblet cells | Secrete mucus which moistens the epithelial surface and adheres to inhaled particles |
| Refers to lamina propria CT with increased numbers of blood vessels; contains mixed glands | Cavernous stratum |
| Function of cavernous stratum | Warm the air; moisten the air |
| Located in the dorso-caudal region of the nasal cavity; lined by olfactory epithelium | Olfactory region |
| Function of the olfactory region | Chemoreception |
| Olfactory mucosa consists of thick ___ ___ epithelium | Pseudostratified columnar |
| The lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa contains ___ ____ | Bowman’s glands |
| What is the purpose of the section from the Bowman’s glands? | To “wash” chemoreceptor sites |
| What are the 3 major olfactory epithelium cell types? | Olfactory neurons, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells |
| Specialized bipolar neurons that are activated when chemicals come in contact with olfactory vesicles | Olfactory neurons |
| Provide physical support, nourishmentj, and electrical insulation to the olfactory neurons | Sustentacular (supporting) cells |
| Stem cells that help replace worn out olfactory and sustentacular cells | Basal cells |
| Briefly describe the process of olfaction | 1. Molecules of an olfactant bind to membrane which modifies the plasma membrane’s charge characteristics and triggers and action potential. 2. Signal is routed via afferent nerve to pseudounipolar neuron in cranial nerve ganglia. 3. Relayed to brain’s olfactory lobe. 4. Signal integration takes place within the brain |
| Tubular structure located at the base of the nasal cavity; specialized for chemoreception | Vomeronasal organ |
| Function of the vomeronasal organ | Relay information from pheromones to generate appropriate behavioral response |
| The vomeronasal organ is positioned in a way to maximize air flow. Why? | Increase sensitivity |
| Vomeronasal neurons contain ___ (as opposed to cilia) | Microvilli |
| Vomeronasal organ: ___ ___ epithelium | Pseudostratified columnar |
| Components of the accessory olfactory system | Vomeronasal organs, vomeronasal nerves, and accessory olfactory bulbs |
| Respiratory epithelium is ___ than olfactory epithelium | Thinner |
| Functions of glands within the respiratory and olfactory regions | Keep surface moist and trap dust; “wash” chemoreceptor sites |
| What disease process is the following describing? - nasal concha are destroyed - greenish exudate remaining - fungal hyphae can be found | Fungal rhinitis (dog) |
| Inherited condition in certain species of dogs; - cilia don’t function—> mucus builds up —> mucus plugging and inflammation of the nasal cavities, trachea, and airways —> chronic respiratory abnormalities | Primary ciliary dyskinesia |
| - worldwide disease of pigs - atrophy of nasal conchae - bacterial etiology - can result in severe facial deformity | Atrophic rhinitis |
| With nasal adenocarcinoma, the cells have a ___ growth pattern histologically | Papillary |
| With nasal lymphoma, (histologically) the lamina propria is filled with ___ | Lymphocytes |
| Flattened conical chamber through which air and food pass | Pharynx |
| The pharynx is divided partially by the soft palate into ___ and ___ | Nasopharynx; oropharynx |
| Functions of the larynx | Breathing, focalization, and protection of trachea against food aspiration |
| Tubular shape of larynx maintained by ___ ___ and rings of ___ | Skeletal muscle; cartilage |
| 2 Types of cartilage found in larynx | Hyaline and elastic |
| Larynx is lined by ___ epithelium except surfaces of the ___ ___ and ___ | Respiratory; Vocal folds; epiglottis |
| Epiglottis lined by ___ ___ epithelium | Stratified squamous |
| Flap of cartilage that gets depressed during swelling to cover the larynx | Epiglottis |
| Function of epiglottis | Keep the food from entering the respiratory system |
| Flaps of tissue composed predominantly of muscle and lined by stratified squamous epithelium | Vocal folds |
| Function of vocal folds | Used for vocalization |
| Irritation ___ mucus production | Increases |
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