Flashcards
Antivirals, Antimalarials, and Antihelminthic Drugs
Cards in this deck (28)
- 1Antiviral Drugs ExamplesAcyclovir
Famciclovir
Ganciclovir - 2Acyclovir [Properties, MOA]Guanosine derivative active against herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
Phosphorylated and inhibits viral DNA synthesis thus preventing formation of DNA chain
Decreases duration of Herpes sx, time for healing, and duration of viral shedding - 3Acyclovir [Adverse effects]N/V/D
Nephrotoxicity - 4Ganciclovir [MOA, Application, Adverse Effects]Inhibits viral DNA polymerase
Used for CMV cytomegalovirus infections (sore throat, fever, retinal damage, intestinal sx and hepatitis)
Causes myelosuppression - 5Antimycobacterial Drugs ApplicationMost often used against Myobacterium Tuberculosis which is inherently resistant to most abx
- 6Mycobacterium Tuberculosis [General Info]Slow growing organisms that can become dormant
Intracellular pathogens w/ lipid rich cell walls imperbeable to abx
Rapidly develop resistance
Multiple drug therapy has to be given - 7Mycobacterium Tuberculosis [Drug Therapy]6-24 Months of:
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
Streptomycin - 8IsoniazidMost active drug against susceptible strains of TB
Structurally similar to Pyridoxine and inhibits synthesis of Mycolic acid, a component of bacterial cell wall - 9Isoniazid [MOA, Metabolism]Readily absorbed by GI Tract and enters all body tissues and fluids including CSF (80-100%) of plasma concentration
Metabolized by acetylation by enzyme N-Acetyl transferase (genetically determined Rapid/Slow) - 10Isoniazid [Dosage, Adverse Effects]Oral 150-300 mg once daily for 6-24 months
Direct toxicity: Hepatitis is the most common toxicity w/ loss of appetite, N/V, jaundice
Peripheral neuropathy may occur d/t Pyridoxine deficiency - 11Abx produced by Streptomyces mediterraneiRifampin
- 12Rifampin [MOA]Binds to Bacterial RNA polymerase enzyme and inhibits RNA synthesis, thus its Bactericidal effect
Penetrates into all tissues, cell membranes and fluids - 13Rifampin [Administration Guidelines]Administration with Isoniazid and other drugs for 6-18 months
- 14Rifampin [Adverse Effects]Harmless orange color to all bodily secretions including tears, sweat, urine, etc.
Rash, nephritis, and cholestatic jaundice may occur - 15Ethambutol [General Info.]Synthetic abx which inhibits bacterial cell wall
Well absorbed and excreted by kidneys
Combined with isoniazid and Rifampin - 16Ethambutol [Adverse Effects]Retrobulbar neuritis with loss of red-green color discrimination and loss of visual acuity
- 17Streptomycin [MOA]Aminoglycoside inhibits 30S Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Penetrates into tissues poorly, extracellular TB bacilli killed - 18Streptomycin [Administration]Given as IV or IM inj daily for several months
- 19Streptomycin [Adverse effects & Guidelines]Ototoxic and Nephrotoxic
Dose adjustment required and dose limited to 6 months - 20Malaria [General Info.]Plasmodium falciparum, P viva, P malariae, P ovale
P falciparum
Male or Female Anopheles Mosquio
Only RBC parasites cause clinical illness
Eradication of both erythrocytic and hepatic parasites
Morbidity and Death - 21Antimalarial Drugs [Examples]Chloroquine
Amodiaquine
Quinine
Primaquine
Abx [Tetracycline, Doxycycline]
Artemisinin - 22ChloroquineDrug of choice for prophylaxis and cure (1940)
Synthetic 4 aminoquinolines
Rapidly and completely absorbed by GIT and distributed
Large Vd and then slowly released - 23Chloroquine [MOA, SE]Acts by concentrating in parasitic food vacuoles, preventing conversion of heme into hemozoin. Heme toxicity results.
Rapidly terminates fever and clears parasitemia in 24-72 hrs
SE: Pruritus, N/V, abd pain, HA; Hemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals
Long term drug use: Retinopathy, ototoxicity, neuropathy which is irreversible - 24AmodiaquineSimilar Chloroquine but used effectively in combination therapy with Artesunate or Sulfonamides in tx of Falciparum malaria
- 25QuinineSevere malarial disease
Derived from Cinchona tree bark; used for 2 centuries
Highly effective against all stages of Malarial parasite - 26PrimaquineDrug of choice for P vivax and P ovale
Main drug for chemophylaxis Malaria - 27Antimalarial AbxTetracycline and Doxycycline is effective against the schizonts. Clindamycin is used after Chloroquine therapy
- 28ArtemisininQinghaosu is an herbal, Chinese antipyretic used for 2000 yrs. Produces free radicals which kill the parasite.