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Description
Flashcards by lauramarypowell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by lauramarypowell
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is hard engineering? | Hard engineering- man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion. |
| What is soft engineering? | Soft engineering- schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a sea wall and what are sea walls? | What is it? : A wall made out of a hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea. Benefits: It prevents erosion of the coast. It also acts as a barrier to prevent flooding. Disadvantages: It creates a strong backwash which erodes under the wall. Sea walls are very expensive to build and maintain it costs £3,000-£4,000 per metre. |
| What is rock armour? What are its advantages and disadvantages ? | What is it?: Boulders that are piled up along the coast. Benefits: The boulders absorb wave energy and so reduce erosion and flooding. It's a fairly cheap defence a metre barrier (rocks piled on top of each other in a line) is about £3,000 per metre. Disadvantages: Boulders can be moved around by strong waves, so they need to be replaced. |
| What are groynes, what are their benefits and disadvantages? | What it is : Wooden or stone fences that are built at right angles to the coast. They trap material transported by longshore drift. Benefits: Groynes create a wider beach which slow the waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion. They're fairly cheap at around £7,000 each. Disadvantages: They starve beaches further down the coast of sand, making them narrower. Narrower beaches don't protect the coast as well, leading to greater erosion and floods. |
| What is the cost for gabions? | A gabion is £100 per metre. |
| What is beach nourishment? What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment? | What it is: Sand and shingle from elsewhere (e.g. the offshore seabed) that's added to beaches. Benefits: Beach nourishment creates wider beaches which slow the waves. This gives greater protection from flooding and erosion. Disadvantages: Taking material from the seabed can kill organisms like sponges and corals. It's a very expensive defence at £3,000 per km and has to be repeated. |
| What is dune regeneration? What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration? | What it is: Creating or restoring sand dunes either by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand. Benefits: Sand dunes provide a barrier between the land and the sea. Wave energy is absorbed which prevents flooding and erosion. Stabilisation is cheap. Disadvantages: The protection is limited to a small area. Nourishment is very expensive. Dune regeneration costs about £2,000 per 100m. |
| What is marsh creation? What are the advantages and disadvantages of marsh creation? | What it is: Planting vegetation in mudflats along the coast. Benefits: The vegetation stabilises the mudflats and helps to reduce the speed of the waves. This prevents flooding and erosion. It also creates new habitats for organisms. Disadvantages: Marsh creation isn't useful where erosion rates are high because the marsh can't establish itself. It's fairly expensive. |
| What is managed retreat? What are the advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat? | What it is: Removing an existing defence and allowing the land behind it to flood. Benefits: Over time the land will become marshland - creating new habitats. Flooding and erosion are reduced behind marshland. It's fairly cheap defence as it is just nature doing its thing but there might be a cost for compensation for people who lived there. Disadvantages: People may disagree over what land is allowed to flood, e.g. flooding farmland would affect the livelihood of farmers. |
| What is Studlands bay? | 1) Studlands bay is a coast area with beaches, dunes and heathland. 2) Studlands bay is a bay in Dorset, in the south west of England. 3) It's mostly sheltered from highly erosive waves, but the southern end of the bay is being eroded. 4) There are sandy beaches around the bay, with sand dunes and heathland behind them. 5) The heathland is a site of special scientific interest (SSSI) and a nature reserve. 6) Studlands Bay is also a popular tourist resort. |
| What wildlife could you find there? | 1) Reptiles like adders, grass snakes, sand lizards and slow worms. 2) Birds like Dartford warblers (a rare bird in England), shelducks and grebes. 3) Fishes like seahorses - Studlands Bay is the only place in Britain where the spiny seahorse breeds. 4) Plants like marram grass and lyme grass on the sand dunes and heather on the heathland. |
| How are some of the organisms specially adapted to live in the habitats found in Studlands Bay? | 1) Marram grass had folded leaves to reduce water loss - sand dunes are windy and dry which increases transpiration. It also has long roots to take up water and to stabilise itself in the loose sand. 2) Lyme grass has waxy leaves to reduce water loss by transpiration. 3) Grebes - these birds dive underwater to find food in the sea. Their feet are far back on their bodies to help them dive (it makes them streamlined). 4) Snakes and lizards have thick, scaly skin to reduce water loss from their bodies. It also protects them from rough undergrowth on the heathland. |
| What are the conflicts between land use and the need for conservation? | Some human activities (e.g. recreation) don't use the environment in a sustainable way (they use up resources or damage the environment). |
| How is the environment managed to make sure it's conserved but can also be used for other activities? | 1) Lots of people walk across the san dunes which has caused a lot of erosion. The National Trust manages the area so people can use the sand dunes without damaging them too much: - Boardwalks are used to guide people over the dunes so the sand beneath them is protected. - Some sand dunes have been fenced off and marram grass has been planted in them. This gives the dunes a chance to recover and the marram grass stabilises the sand. - Information signs have been put up to let visitors know why the sand dune habitat is important, and how they can enjoy the environment without damaging it. 2) Hundreds of boats use Studland Bay and their anchors are destroying the seagrass where seahorses live. Seahorses are protected by law, so boaters are being told not to damage sea grass. 3) The heathland behind the sand dunes is an important habitat, but it can be damaged by fires caused by things like cigarettes, e.g. in 2008 a fire destroyed six acres of heathland. The National Trust is educating visitors on the dangers of causing fires & has provided fire beaters to put out flames. |
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