2756701
Description
Flashcards by Carson Yeung, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Carson Yeung
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How is Blood transported to all parts of the body at the correct pressure? | Each time the heart beats, its muscles contract pushing blood out into the arteries at the correct pressure |
| What is Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure? | Systolic Blood Pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts Normal = 120 mmHg ( millimeters of mercury ) Diastolic Blood Pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxed Normal = 80 mmHg |
| Name 2 things that can lower resting blood pressure | Regular exercise & Eating a balanced healthy diet |
| Explain how smoking causes high blood pressure | Tobacco smoke contains Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide combines with Haemoglobin in Red blood cells and prevents them carrying as much Oxygen, the heart rate increases to compensate putting a strain. Nicotine increases heart rate |
| Explain how eating lots of saturated fat may increase blood pressure | Our livers use saturated fat to make cholesterol, the cholesterol may be deposited in artery walls leading to a blood clot ( thrombosis ) which can cause heart attack |
| State 3 health risks from high blood pressure | High blood pressure (above 140/90mmHg) can result in a : - Have a heart attack - Have a stroke - Kidney damage |
| Why do you need : a- Vitamins b- Minerals c- Fibre d-Water | a- To prevent scurvy b- To make haemoglobin c-To prevent constipation d- To prevent dehydration |
| What are the health risks of being obese? | Obese people are more likely to suffer from: - Heart disease - Diabetes - Arthritis - Breast Cancer |
| What is the BMI of someone who is 1.6m tall and weighs 60 kg? | 60/1.7^2 = 20.8 |
| List 5 ways to reduce risk of cancer | - Sunbathe a little - Avoid eating much fat and don't become overweight - Avoid eating red meat and processed food - Regular Exercise - Avoid Alcohol / smoking |
| State the 4 types of Pathogen and what diseases each one causes | Fungi - Causes athlete's foot Bacteria - Causes Cholera Viruses - Flu Protozoa - Malaria |
| What are antibiotics? | Chemicals produced by some fungi and bacteria to kill / prevent growth of other fungi and bacteria e.g. Penicillin |
| Explain why antibiotics have to be used carefully? | Doctors should not prescribe them if not needed, should the patient need it, they must finish the whole course. If antibiotics are not used properly, resistant strains of bacteria develop e.g. MRSA |
| How do Pathogens enter the body? | Pathogens can enter the body through : - Cuts - Contaminated food /drink - Sexual Intercourse ( STD ) - Air ( Air born diseases ) |
| What are antibodies? | Special proteins in the body that can destroy a particular pathogen/virus |
| What are Antigens? | Toxins that Pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism |
| Name the barriers that the body has to stop pathogens entering it ( 5 ) | - Skin - Stomach Acid - Tears - Blood clotting from cuts - Mucus in airways |
| What is Passive and Active Immunity? | Active Immunity is where the body is actively producing antibodies to fight infection. Passive Immunity is where Antibodies are given from one to another. Passive Immunity works almost instantly but doesn't last as long as Active Immunisation |
| Explain what Accommodation is | Accommodation is where : - For near objects, the ciliary muscle is contracted and the suspensory ligaments are relaxed so the lens become round and flat. - For distant objects the ciliary muscle relaxes and the suspensory ligaments become contracted |
| Explain the differences between Long sightedness & Short sightedness | Short Sightedness is where the image/light rays are focused before the retina ( eyeball too long ), this can be corrected by diverging (concave) lenses. Long Sightedness is where the image/light rays don't meet at the retina ( eyeball too short ), this can be corrected by converging (convex) lenses. |
| Name the 2 parts of the nervous system | Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System |
| What are Receptor cells? | Special cells adapted to detect stimuli, information from the receptors travel along neurones to the brain |
| What are the 2 types of response the body has? | Voluntary Responses- Responses consciously controlled by the brain Reflex Actions- Response controlled by CNS , they are faster ( don't rely on brain ) automatic and protective |
| Explain the pathway of nerve impulses in reflex actions | Stimulus---Receptor---Sensory Neurone---Relay Neurone---Motor Neurone---Effector---Response |
| What are some Short-term & Long-term effects of alcohol? | Short Term : - Blurred Vision - Impaired speech - Impaired judgement - Drowsiness - Violent Behaviour Long Term : -Cirrhosis of liver - Brain damage -> Loss of memory & depression - Fatty Liver - Risk of diabetes and heart disease - Liver, Mouth, Throat and Oesophagus cancer |
| What is Negative Feedback? | Negative Feedback is the mechanism that keeps things at a steady level |
| What is Homeostasis? | Maintaining a constant internal enviroment Pathway: Un-normal levels---sensory organs---control centre-effector |
| What are Hormones? | Hormones are chemicals. They.. - Are secreted from glands in the bloodstreams - Travel in the blood to target organs - Regulate the functions of many organs and cells - Coordinate many processes in the body |
| Define: 1- Tropism 2- Positive Tropism 3- Negative Tropism 4- Phototropism 5- Geotropism | 1- Growth in response to a stimulus 2- Growth Towards the stimulus 3- Growth Away from the stimulus 4- Growth in response to the direction of light 5- Growth in response to the direction of gravity |
| What is an Allele? | Alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| What are chromosomes? | A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| What are Gametes? | Special sex cells which only 23 chromosomes instead of 23 matched pairs, Female gametes are eggs Male gametes are sperms |
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