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Description
Flashcards by CallToMuster, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by CallToMuster
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Pope Gregory VII | A powerful medieval pope, he fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials. |
| friar | members of a religious order who lived and worked among the public |
| Pope Urban II | Medieval pope, he called on the Christians to launch the First Crusade. |
| King Richard I | King of England, he led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade. He earned the respect of his enemies as well as his soldiers for his bravery and kindness. |
| Dominic de Guzman | A Spanish priest who founded the Dominican Order. He was later named a saint. |
| clergy | church officials |
| Michelangelo | Italian Renaissance artist, he designed buildings, wrote poetry, and created sculptures and paintings. |
| humanist | someone who believes in the value of humans and thinks in a logical, rational way |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain, his crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe. |
| King Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor, he fought with Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials. |
| heretic | something that goes against the Church's teachings |
| Saint Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish noble and saint, he founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits. |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian writer and politician, he wrote The Prince in which he advised leaders on how to rule. |
| Dante Alighieri | Italian Renaissance, he wrote The Divine Comedy in the Italian language. |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch priest, he published In Praise of Folly in which he criticized corrupt clergy. His criticisms helped inspire the Protestant Reformation. |
| Johann Gutenberg | German printer, he developed a printing press that used movable type. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer, his book "On The Revolution Of The Celestial Spheres" helped begin the Scientific Revolution. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal, he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors. |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer, he proved that the planets orbit the sun. |
| Pope Leo IX | Pope in 1049, he believed that all church officials should answer to the pope. Leo excommunicated bishop of Constantinople because the he wouldn't recognize his authority. |
| monk | a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community |
| Saladin | Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade. |
| Francis of Assisi | Italian saint, he encouraged others to be kind to people and founded the Franciscan Order. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief. |
| Pope Innocent III | Decided in the early 1200s that heresy was too big a threat to ignore. Called a crusade against the heretics in southern France. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Genius of the Renaissance, he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, and mapmaker. |
| rationalist | someone who thinks rationally and logically |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese sailor, he sailed around Africa to reach India. |
| John Calvin | Christian reformer, he taught about predestination, living good lives, and obeying God’s laws. |
| William Tyndale | English professor, he translated the Bible into English and was later executed for heresy. |
| Saint Francis Xavier | Jesuit priest and missionary, he introduced Catholicism to parts of India and Japan. |
| William Shakespeare | English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time. |
| Huguenots | French Protestants (largely Calvinist) that suffered severe persecution by the Church. |
| Lutherans | a follower of Martin Luther |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted Church teachings. |
| Sir Francis Drake | an English privateer who stole treasure from Spanish transport |
| Sir Isaac Newton | English scientist, he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works. |
| The Holy Land | the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died |
| Granada | a Muslim stronghold on the Mediterranean coast of Spain |
| sect | a group of people with slightly different religious beliefs than the larger group to which they belong |
| religious order | a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules |
| thesis | a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved |
| bull | an official document issued by the pope to explain the Bible or other religious teachings |
| pilgrimage | a journey to a sacred place |
| natural law | a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world operated |
| Congress | the national legislative body of a country |
| Parliament | (in the UK) the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. |
| Edict of Nantes | a law granting religious freedom in most of France |
| Council of Trent | a meeting of church leaders to discuss, debate, and reform Catholic teachings |
| Treaty of Westphalia | The agreement in Europe that allowed leaders to determine whether or not their countries would be Catholic or Protestant. |
| Ninety-Five Theses | On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints about the church to a door in Wittenburg. It is called the Ninety-Five Theses. |
| Protestant Reformation | a reform movement against the Church |
| Renaissance | the period of “rebirth” and creativity that followed Europe’s Middle Ages |
| humanism | the study of history, literature, public speaking, and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 1300s |
| capitalism | an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries |
| mercantilism | a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer |
| caravel | a Portuguese ship style that has triangular sails and better steering |
| Spanish Armada | a large fleet of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588 |
| Triangular Trade | the three pronged trade network that included raw materials from the colonies in the Americas, manufactured products from Europe, and slaves from Africa |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of goods and ideas between the New World and Europe |
| excommunication | to cast out from the church |
| heresy | something that goes against the Church's ideas |
| Crusades | A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia fought for the control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291. |
| theory | an explanation a scientist develops based on facts |
| logical | rational, reasonable |
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