Flashcards
Sustainable development
Cards in this deck (59)
- 1Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
- 2IPATWidely used simplification of the factors causing environmental degradation.
I = P x A x T - 3anthropoceneInformal geologic epoch characterized by significant human impact on global ecosystems.
- 4GeoengineeringUsing technology to fight climate change artificially
- 5PetrodictatorshipsMoney and power to extremes, reverses democratic trends and finances antidemocratic trends.
- 61st law of petropolitics“As the price of oil goes up, the pace of freedom goes down; and as the price of oil goes down, the pace of freedom goes up.”
- 7PEtrodictatorships: Impediments to democracyTaxation effect
Spending effect
Group formation effect
Repression effect
Anti-modernization effect - 8Global weirdingbecause warming does not properly define current situation.
- 9Biogenic carbonCarbon from living matter, recorded as 0 in inventories.
- 10Carbon sinkSequestration of carbon from atmosphere. In accounting, over 1 year use of wood is considered as a carbon sink > negative emissions.
- 11EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)response from EU to reach Kyoto targets. Cap and trade model.
- 12CDMClean Development mechanism: all mechanisms that aim at reducing industry GHG emissions.
- 13NMMNew Market MEchanisms: to replace Kyoto framework.
- 14Differences between CDM and concepts for future market mechanismsProject vs programmes/policies/measures
Layers of decision making
Incentives for mitigation
Offsetting approach vs net avoidance of emissions - 15Natural CapitalRefers to the stock of natural resources such as minerals, plants, animals, air.... seen as the means for the production of ecological goods and ecosystem services such as: oxygen production, natural water purification, prevention of erosion, crop pollination, recreational services.
- 16Ecosystem servicesProvisioning
Supporting
Regulating
Cultural - 17TEVUse value: direct, indirect, option
+
Non-use value: Existence, altruistic, Bequest - 18TEchniques to value ecosystem servicesMarket valuation
Revealed preferences
Sated preferences - 19Revealed preference methodsChange in productivity
Replacement cost
Travel cost
Hedonic pricing - 20Stated preference modelsContingent valuation
Choice modelling - 21Definition : PESPayments for environmental services: incentives which create incentives for conservation actions.
- 22Types of PESPrivate payments scheme
Cap-Trade scheme
Certification scheme
Public payment scheme - 23SSEESustainable social environmental enterprise.
- 24Circular economyKeep resources and their value within the economy
- 25pros and cons of sustainable development+ acceptance, focal point, orchestration of the sciences
- Oxymoron, fuzzy concept, legitimization of current practices - 26Three pillars approachEconomic, environmental and social solutions
- 27Two visions of sustainable developmentAnthropocentric and ecocentric
Weak and Strong
Use current system and change completely the system - 28Montreal protocolOzone emission agreement
- 29Why are we in trouble according to friedman?Values breakdown: from sustainable to situational, both in market and mother nature.
- 30How did we get financial crisis and environmental crisis according to friedman?Bad accounting rules
Underpricing of risk
PRivatizing gains and socializing losses - 31What to do according to friedman?No lecturing others
Redefine middle class lifestyle
Eliminate concept of waste : stop downcycling, make everything reusable or biodegradable - 32ENergy solution according to friedmanCheap, abundant, clean electrons the solution: solves 5 issues
1 growing demand for scarcer resources
2 petrodictators getting richer
3 Disruptive climate change
4 Energy proverty
5 Biodiversity loss.
He sees energy as geostatrategic, geoeconomic, capitalistic and patriotic - 33How have IPCC reports changed through times?Climate change more and more likely to be because of human activity
- 34Sources of emissions35% energy sector
24% Agriculture, forests
21% Industry
14% transport - 35Projected climate changesOceans warm
MEan sea level will rise
Arctic sea ice will shrink
Global glacier volume will decrease. - 36Potential Impacts of climate changeFood and water shortages
Displacement of people
INcreased poverty
Coastal flooding - 37Global warming potentialrelative measure of how much heat a GHG traps in the atmosphere
- 38emission factorsindicates the quantity that can convert "activity data" into emissions.
- 39General principles of carbon accountingRelevance
Completeness
Consistency
Transparency
Accuracy - 403 scopes of the GHG protocol and iso 14064Direct
Indirect
other indirect - 412 types of carbon footprintOrganizational
Product carbon footprint - 42CDPCarbon disclosure project: based in UK, works with shareholders and corporations to disclose the GHG emissions of large corporations.
- 43Bilan Carbone, + and -Developed by French gov. Popularizes carbon footprinting
+ includes huge emission factor database, gov recognition
- develop in french context, complex and time consuming. - 44ISO standard for CO2Standard to ensure that a tonne is a tonne of CO2
- 45UNFCCCUN Framework Convention on CLimate change. They commit to reduction of GHG but no specified target (RIO 1992)
- 46COPThe Conference of Parties (COP) is the supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It currently meets once a year to review the Convention's progress and establish the rules of its implementation
- 47Most important COPs1997 Kyoto: legally binding targets
2001 Marrakech: conclusion of marrakech accords. main rules of international trading of emissions rights and the practical arrangements for the two other flexible mechanisms.
2009 Copenhagen. Presence of many leaders but no abitious agreement. - 48Why did carbon markets become instrument of choice (4) ?Diplomatic bargain during allocation process
CM are effective to meet climate target bc of cap
CM support clean tech and penalize polluting activities
CM are economically efficient - 49Spectrum of policy option for CCFrom command and control to market based mechanisms:
State provision, regulatory controls, technology standards, emissions trading (in the middle) taxation, subsidies, information campaigns, voluntary agreements.... - 50Carbon markets euphoriafrom 1997-2008
- 51Marginal abatement cost curvescost of changing per tCO2 reduction.
- 52Constitutive elements of a cap and trade emissions trading systemSetting of cap
Allocation of allowances
Monitoring and reporting
Implementation of a registry to track allowances
Reconciliation and penalties for non-complience - 53Characteristics of Kyoto marketsEuropean bubble, exlusion of forestry, inclusion of all GHG, exclusion of aero+ maritime transport, granfathering, sanctions
- 54% of emissions of countries that signed Kyoto extension14%
- 555 hypo to asses the effectiveness of CDM1 meet a climate target (absolute cap)
2 support clean tech, penalize polluting
3 econom efficient
4 raise awareness on carbon accounting
5 provide a fair solution for all - 56differences between CDM and future market mechanismsproject vs programmes
Layers of decision making
Differences in incentivizing mitigation action
Offsetting approach vs net avoidance of emissions - 57NMM and FVA, which instrumentsmore than only emissions trading: taxation, subsidies, regulatory controlsm, voluntary....
- 582 main price mechanisms to reduce emissionscapntrade
carbon tax - 59CO2Logic approach1 Calculate
2 Reduce
3 offset remaining
4 commuinicate
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- Definitions for sustainable management exam
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- Alexander Rehn
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