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Description
Flashcards by Sarah MacKay, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sarah MacKay
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Deduction | All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. |
| Induction | It has rained everyday on January 1st in Hawaii for the past several years. Therefore, it will rain next year on that day as well. |
| Law of non-contradiction | 1. It is raining outside. 2. It is not raining outside. |
| Cogito Ergo Sum | I think therefore I am |
| Rationalism | Rationalism is a branch of philosophy where the validity of an idea is determined by logic, rather than religious means |
| Empiricism | knowledge that only comes from the senses |
| Socratic Method | asking someone questions to make them prove themselves wrong |
| Mind-Independent Reality | the world that exists without our mind (depth) |
| Mind Dependent Reality | world that requires our mind to exists (colour, taste, temperature) |
| Noumenal World | (same as mind-independent) |
| Phenomenal World | (same as mind dependent) |
| A priori | prior knowledge |
| A posteriori | Dependent on experience: learned knowledge |
| Rationalism | descartes and kant validity of idea is determined by logic all knowledge can be understood by a process of reasoning without external forces |
| Free Will | no physical or social constraints |
| Empiricism | knowledge comes from experience, experience is information that comes from our senses |
| Dualism | mind and body are different substances that make up reality, ghost in the machine |
| idealism | physical reality is an illusion, mental reality is what is real, people have a common conscious |
| materialism | only reality is the physical one, verifiable through science |
| Atheism | belief there is no god |
| Agnosticism | lack of belief |
| Theism | at least one god |
| Monotheism | only one god |
| Polytheism | more than one god |
| pantheism | god and universe are one |
| Meditation | calm relaxation and being one with yourself |
| Mantra | a word or sound repeated to aid concentration in meditation. |
| Interconnectedness | that everyone is connected to everything |
| Enlightenment | All people can think for themselves |
| Terra Nullius | unoccupied, bare land |
| Confirmation Bias | seek out information that conforms to their pre-existing view points, and subsequently ignore information that goes against them |
| Metaethics | focuses on what morality itself is. |
| Normative Ethics | investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act |
| Categorical Imperative | A moral obligation or command that is unconditionally binding |
| Utilitarianism | the best outcome for the greatest amount of people |
| Monism | The view that a variety of things can be explained in a single reality or substance |
| Virtue Ethics | emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, |
| Falsificationism | Theories must be able to be disproved in order to be considered scientific theory |
| Deontology | emphasizes duties or rules |
| Moral Absolutism | is the ethical belief that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong, |
| Moral Relativism | concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures. |
| Psychological Egoism | is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest (friends) |
| Psychological Altruism | is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others |
| Social Contract Theory | A social contract is an agreement between the people of a state and the government of a state. (laws) |
| Collective Action Problem | refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective |
| Correspondence Theory of Truth | The truth of my statement depends on whether it corresponds with a state-of-affairs that exists in reality. Cannot be true and false |
| Coherence Theory of Truth | The truth of my proposition depends on whether it coheres (is consistent with) the rest of my beliefs |
| Aporia | state of confusion |
| Applied Ethics | what people think is ethicsl |
| Method of Doubt | doubting everything to prove you're right |
| Evolutionary Ethics | our evolving ethics |
| Paradigm | a social construct, and we want to fit in with everyone else, or other people’s views of us, so we follow them. |
| Paradigm Shift | changing or shifting your views |
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