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Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
about 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why must Tests for Ions be Unique? | So only one ion can be identified |
| What Colour do the Following Ions Produce under a Flame? Lithium (Li⁺) Sodium (Na⁺) Potassium (K⁺) Calcium (Ca²⁺) Copper (Cu²⁺) | Lithium (Li⁺) - (Crimson) Red Sodium (Na⁺) - Yellow Potassium (K⁺) - Lilac Calcium (Ca²⁺) - Orange-Red Copper (Cu²⁺) - Blue-Green |
| What Colour do the Following Ions Produce when Reacted with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)? Aluminium (Al³⁺) Calcium (Ca²⁺) Copper(II) (Cu²⁺) Iron(II) (Fe²⁺) Iron(III) (Fe³⁺) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) | Aluminium (Al³⁺) - White Calcium (Ca²⁺) - White Copper(II) (Cu²⁺) - Blue Iron(II) (Fe²⁺) - Green Iron(III) (Fe³⁺) - Brown Magnesium (Mg²⁺) - White |
| How do you Test for Ammonium Ions (NH₄⁺) with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)? | Reaction of NH₄⁺ and NaOH produce ammonia gas, which turns a moistened, red litmus paper blue |
| What is Flame Photometry? | An instrumental method which allows you to identify flame colours from ions |
| How can you measure the Concentration of an Ion using Flame Photometry? | The intensity of a measured wavelength indicates the concentration of that ion |
| What are the Advantages of Flame Photometry? | > Very sensitive - can detect small amounts of substances > Very fast - tests can be automated > Very accurate - tests eliminate human error > Works for mixtures - the accuracy allows for multiple ions to be detected and cross-referenced |
| What Colour Precipitate do the Following Ions Produce when Reacted with Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃)? Chloride (Cl⁻) Bromide (Br⁻) Iodide (I⁻) | Chloride (Cl⁻) - White Bromide (Br⁻) - Cream Iodide (I⁻) - Yellow |
| What is the Test for Carbonate Ions (CO₃²⁻)? | > Add dilute hydrochloric acid > Bubble any gas produced through limewater > If limewater turns cloudy, CO₃²⁻ ions are present (since there is CO₂ gas) |
| What is the Test for Sulfate Ions (SO₄²⁻)? | > Add dilute hydrochloric acid > Add barium chloride solution > White precipitate will form is SO₄²⁻ is present |
| What's the Difference Between Alkanes and Alkenes? | Alkanes are Saturated Alkenes are Unsaturated |
| What is a Homologous Series? | A family of molecules that are similar in structure and only vary in one feature |
| What is the General Formula for Alkenes? | CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ |
| What does it mean if a Molecule is Saturated? | All the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can |
| What are the First Four Alkanes and their Formulæ? | Methane - CH₄ Ethane - C₂H₆ Propane - C₃H₈ Butane - C₄H₁₀ |
| What are the First Three Alkenes and their Formulæ? | Ethene - C₂H₄ Propene - C₃H₆ Butene - C₄H₈ |
| What is the Test for Alkenes? | > Add orange bromine water > If the colour remains, it is an alkane > If the solution becomes colourless, it is an alkene |
| How does the Test for Alkenes with Bromine Water Work? | > When an alkene reacts with bromine, the double bond breaks > At the same time, the atoms in the bromine molecule break apart > The bromine atoms are "added" to the broken ethene molecule (an addition reaction) |
| What do Hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes) form in Full Combustion Reactions? | Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and Water (H₂O) |
| What are Polymers? | Long-chain molecules made up of smaller monomers |
| True / False A polymer has a low average relative molecular mass | False A polymer has a HIGH average relative molecular mass |
| What is Addition Polymerisation? | Formation of long-chain molecules from many small molecules (monomers) joining with no other products |
| How do you get the Formula of a Polymer? | Take the formula of the monomer and put that in brackets with an "ₙ" after it e.g.: C₃H₆ becomes (C₃H₆)ₙ |
| What is Poly(ethene), its Properties, and Uses? | > Known as Polythene > Flexible, cheap, and a good insulator > Used in plastic bags and bottles, cling film, and for insulating wires |
| What is Poly(propene), its Properties, and Uses? | > Known as Polypropene > Flexible, does not shatter > Uses in buckets, bowls, crates, ropes, and carpets |
| What is Poly(chloroethene), its Properties, and Uses? | > Known as PVC > Tough, good insulator, hard or flexible > Used in window frames, gutters, pipes, and electrical insulation |
| What is Poly(tetrafluoroethene), its Properties, and Uses? | > Known as PTFE / Teflon™ > Tough, unreactive, and non-stick > Used in non-sick pans, burette taps, stain proofing, and waterproof clothing |
| What are some examples of Naturally Occurring Polymers? | > DNA - nucleotides > Starch - glucose > Protein - amino acids |
| What is Condensation Polymerisation? | The formation of long-chain molecules from two or more types of small molecules (monomers) joining together, however, another small molecule (usually water) is produced as well |
| What is Polyester and how are they Made? | > Type of condensation polymer > Formed using different carboxylic acid and alcohol monomers > Varying the carbon atoms produces polyesters with different properties |
| What are some Problems with Making / Disposing of Polymers? | > Most monomers used to make them are obtained from crude oil, which is a finite and non-renewable resource > Polymers are not biodegradable, so they remain in landfill > If polymers are disposed of by combustion, toxic gases and CO₂ are produced > Recycling polymers is not easy - they have to be sorted before melted and reformed. This takes a lot of energy |
| What is Ethanol? | The name of the alcohol found in alcoholic drinks (yay) |
| How is Ethanol Produced? | The fermentation of carbohydrates dissolved in water, using yeast to provide the enzymes |
| When Fermenting, what Conditions does the Mixture need to be Kept? | > Warm > Anærobic Conditions (No Oxygen) |
| What Carbohydrates are Used During Fermentation and where are they Found? | Sugar - from fruits Starch - from crops like wheat, barley and rice |
| Why does the Temperature of Fermentation have to be Controlled? | > Yeast works best in warm conditions > At high temperatures, the enzyme in yeast in denatured > Need to balance between warm conditions and the optimal temperature for enzymes |
| What Factors have to be Controlled to Ensure Optimal Enzyme Activity? | > Temperature > pH (> Concentration) |
| Why does Fractional Distillation Need to be Used for Strong Alcoholic Drinks? | > Ethanol is toxic > At levels >15%, it kills the yeast cells, stopping fermentation > Fractional distillation can be used to get concentrated ethanol, which later diluted to get a consumable drink |
| What happens to Ethanol During Fractional Distillation | > Dilute ethanol solution (produced by fermentation) is heated up > The vapour rises up the fractionating column > A condenser is used to turn the vapour back to liquid > The liquid contains a concentrated solution of ethanol > Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water, so it boils first |
| What are Alcohols? | A homologous series, which contain the functional group -OH, so they all have similar chemical properties |
| What is the General Formula of Alcohol? | CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH |
| What are the first Four Alcohols and their Formulæ? | 1. Methanol - CH₃OH 2. Ethanol - C₂H₅OH 3. Propanol - C₃H₇OH 4. Butanol - C₄H₉OH |
| What happens when Alcohols are Oxidised? | They gain oxygen to form a carboxylic acid |
| What is the General Formula for Carboxylic Acids? | Cₙ₋₁H₂ₙ₋₁COOH |
| What are the first Four Carboxylic Acids and their Formulæ? | Methanoic Acid - HCOOH Ethanoic Acid - CH₃COOH Propanoic Acid - C₂H₅COOH Butanoic Acid - C₃H₇COOH |
| What is the General Word Equation for Reactions with Carboxylic Acids and Metals? | Carboxylic Acid + Metal → Metal Carboxylic Acid (-ate) + Hydrogen (e.g.) Methanoic Acid + Magnesium → Magnesium Methanoate + Hydrogen |
| What Physical Effect do Reactions of Carboxylic Acids with Carbohydrates Cause? | Gentle fizzing |
| What is an Alloy? | A mixture of a metal with small amounts of other elements (usually other metals but not always) |
| Why can't Alloy Layers Slide Over Eachother Easily? | The atoms are all different sizes |
| What are some Examples of Alloys and their Elements? | > Bronze - Copper + Tin > Aluminium Alloys (creative name!) - Aluminium + Magnesium > Brass - Copper + Zinc > Steel - Iron + Carbon > Stainless Steel - Steel + Chromium + Nickel and more |
| What is Soda-Lime Glass? | Most common type of glass, made out of sand, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate |
| What type of Glassware has Extremely High Melting Points? | Borosilicate Glass, made from sand and boron trioxide |
| What are Clay Ceramics? | Ceramics made from wet clay that is baked in a kiln or furnace. They are hard ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°), inert, and resistant to heat |
| What are Composites? | > Materials made from 2 or more other materials that have a reinforcement in a matrix > The reinforcement is usually fibres or fragments and the matrix binds them all together |
| Why are Alloys NOT Composite Materials? | They cannot be separated physically |
| What are Nanoparticles? | Tiny particles consisting of only a few hundred atoms |
| What is the Size of Nanoparticles | 1 - 100 nanometres 1 nanometre = 1 × 10⁻⁹m |
| What Properties of Nanoparticles make them Useful? | > Small Size > Large Surface Area : Volume Ratio |
| What are some Examples of the Uses of Nanoparticles? | > Titanium Dioxide - absorbs UV radiation and is also near-invisible > SA:V ratio make them good Catalysts - stain-resistant clothes are often treated with nanoparticulate to catalyse dirt > Nanomedicine - tiny fullerenes are absorbed more easily into the body > Lubricants > Tiny electrical circuits - such as ones in computers' chips and more |
| What are some Risks of Using Nanoparticles? | > Small size may pose hazards to human health > They can be breathed in or pass through cell membranes easily > The SA:V ratios could make them catalyse harmful reactions > They could easily carry toxic substances bound to them |
| thank god we're finished | what the hell is this topic it makes sense of the not |
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