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Description
Flashcards by Kara Biczykowski, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kara Biczykowski
about 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| (1) Most common legal restrictions are: (2) Fire zones & rules are set by: (3) Rules are set by govt agencies like ex: (4) Local health dept sets rules for: (5) Who can also make conservation rules: | (1) bldg codes & zoning ordinances (2) rules by local fire dept & fire zones set by municipality (3) (FHA) Federal Housing Authority & (EPA) Enviro Protection Agency (4) hospitals & restaurants (5) local & state |
| (1) who typ enforces codes (2) which code do local/state jurisdictions use for comm const. (3) who publishes these codes | (1) local authority having jurisdiction (2) (IBC) International Bldg Code (3) (ICC) International Code Council ^ ICC also made complementary code for resi const., existing bldgs, energy conservation, fire protection, green const., plumbing & mech systems, swimming pools & spas |
| How can states adopt the code? | -States can adopt all/some chapters, all/some/none complementary codes, have old or current version, &/or modify sections/add requirements -Ex consider a state can enforce enviro protection rules even though it's own state bldg code may not regulate enviro impact |
| IBC incorporates ANSI A117.1 which is what? | "Accessible & Usable Buildings & Facilities" -governs accessibility req. |
| Why must a design consider bldg code during the planning phase? * Predesign phase req. architect to determine: | -In order to make a budget Ex: determining the const. type or seismic loading -which local, state, federal regulations apply -* see pg 8-3 for partial list of regulatory agencies & code provisions that can apply to a project |
| Federal Regulator Agencies -include: -most notable: | -include military const., fed prisons, specific area of const. like glazing safety req. issued by (CPSC) Consumer Product Safety Commission -most notable is (ADA) Americans w/ Disabilities Act |
| (ADA) Americans w/ Disabilities Act is based on: What is unique about ADA? | -based on (ANSI) American National Standard Institutes ^ ANSI Standard A117.1, Accessible & Usable Bldg & Facilities -ADA is not code or standard, it is a civil rights legislation |
| State Regulations -In addition to IBC, states can enforce their own: | (1) energy codes (2) elevator const. req. (3) enviro reg. (4) fabric flammability standards (5) rules specific to state govt bldgs, institutions, oth facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, restaurants, schools, sim. |
| State Regulations Cont' -How often does the ICC update the IBC? * -When does a state need to adopt the updated IBC? | -ICC updates the IBC every 3 years -after an update a state has NO TIME LIMIT to adopt it, state decides when to adopt updates or even use IBC at all -remember- a state can create their own code |
| Local Regulations -local code usually includes: | -amendments to adopted bldg code to address specific needs of a geographical region or alleviate local problems -Ex higher snow load factor in roof for maintenance area |
| Building Code History -Dates back to when? -Where were the first laws governing const. seen? | -dates back to 2000BC - Babylonian Code of Hammurabi -Greeks & Romans had various laws - The Laws of the Twelve Tables included setback req. for repair access & preventing the spread of fire |
| Building Code History -Who wrote England's 1st bldg code, what was it about? -What did the Great Fire of 1666 in London promote w/ codes? -Metropolitan Buildings Act 1844 est: | -1189 London Mayor Henry Fitz-El Wyne -"Assize of Bldgs" for bidding thatched roofs & req. const. of party walls -Great Fire - Parliment set new bldg req. & est. fees to cover inspection costs -included new req. to set bldg areas/heights, types of bldg, occupancy, having a bldg official |
| Building Code History -1st US code -What was happening to US cities? -When & who wrote the National Bldg Code to decrease fire risk? | -1625 for New Amsterdam (NYC) for regulating type of roof covering protecting from chimney sparks -cities were becoming over crowded, unsanitary, combustible, poorly ventilated -1905, National Board of Fire Underwriters |
| Building Code History -In 1915 the (BOCA) Bldg Officials Conference of America wrote 3 models: -What year were 3 models combined into: -What did the 1911 NYC clothing factory tragedy set laws req.? | (1) BOCA National Bldg Code (2) 1927 Uniform Bldg Code (3) 1945 Standard Bldg Code In 2000, the 3 models became the IBC -laws req. better exit facilities, fireproofing, fire extinguishers, alarms, auto sprinklers |
| Practice Question Which does ADA address? (1) width of exit stair (2) max # of bldg stories (3) max occupancy of a floor (4) # of barrier free pkg spaces | (4) correct -IBC addresses 1-3 |
| Legal Basis of Codes -Why can code vary among states? | -the 10th Amendment of US Constitution gives states power to adopt & enforce bldg codes -this is why code varies among states, they can also delegate some powers to local govt like counties or cities -MOST OFTEN bldg codes are adopted & enforced by local govt (municipality/county/district) |
| Legal Basis of Codes -Codes are enacted as laws; so before const. bldg code is enforced through the permit process: | -builders submit plans & spec's to (AHJ) Authority Having Jurisdiction for checking & approval before a permit is issued -during const. AHJ (unless govt project) conducts inspections to check bldg matches approved plans |
| Legal Basis of Codes * What is the architect's legal responsibility? | - architect responsible for designing bldg in conformance w/ all applicable codes & regulations b/c by registration laws, their job to practice lawfully in order to protect the health, safety, & welfare of the public |
| "model code" | -written by a group of experts knowledgeable in the field, no particular geographical area -affordable way for city, county, district to have complete code w/out difficulty/expense to write it's own (can adopt w/ modifications) |
| The primary model code is: | -the IBC - currently jurisdictions in all states have adopted one or more of the family of international codes -this has brought helpful consistency to work across the country |
| Life Safety Code VS NFPA5000 Bldg Const. & Safety Code 2002 | -from National Fire Protection Association -use by many states -NFPA wrote it's own code, but has not seen widespread use |
| IBC testing refers to: | -refers to nationally recognized standards of mat. & testing -innovation/advancement is allowed if new/untested mat. can pass performance based testing req. |
| * Why are bldg codes written? -How are model codes written? | -to protect the health, safety, & welfare of the public -based on idea of least acceptable risk = min level needed for bldg & occupant safety |
| Administrative Req. for Bldg Code includes steps 1-10 | (1) info on what codes apply (2) duties/powers of bldg official (3) permit process (4) info req. on const. docs (5) fees for inspection services (6) how inspections are handled (7) kinds of inspections req. (8) req. for issuing a certificate of occupancy (9) instructions how to handle violations (10) provisions for appealing decisions of bldg official that apply to interpreting +applying code |
| Adjuncts to Bldg Codes -ICC also publishes: -NFPA also published: | (1) Int. Resi Code (2) Int. Fire Code (3) Int. Mech Code (4) Int. Plumbing Code (5) Int. Zoning Code -National Electrical Code (NEC) used by all jurisdictions |
| Model codes make use of standards developed by trade associations like: | -Ex Gypsum Assoc. / govt agencies / standards-writing org. like ASTM Int. & NFPA / standards approving group like American National Standards Institute (ANSI) |
| How are standards adopted into a bldg code? 1-3 | (1) reference name (2) number (3) date of latest revision |
| * Practice Question Zoning req. typ reg. 3 aspects of a site including: | (1) setbacks from property lines (to maintain distance btwn bldgs) (2) min green spaces (or max coverage of development) (3) loading spaces & pkg -but NOT separation of use groups & accessible paths of travel b/c that's found in IBC & NOT stormwater from roof drains b/c this is in Int. Plumbing Code |
| (1) all materials/ const. assemblies are req. to be manuf. according to: (2) who are standards developed by? (3) do they have legal standing by themselves? | (1) accepted methods or tested by approved agencies according to standardized testing procedures (2) standards developed by trade associations / standards-writing org. / govt agencies (3) NO-become enforcable when referred to in bldg code & this is adopted by govt jurisdiction |
| ASTM International's role as a standards-writing org. (American Society for Testing & Materials) | (1) publish test procedures prescribing req. for test apparatus set up, how mat. must be prepared, how long test must last (2) test standards developed by committees of experts in particular fields (3) doesn't perform tests themselves |
| NFPA's role as a standards-writing org. | (1) develops standards relating to causes & prevention of fire (2) publish codes & standards including sprinkler systems, fire extinguishers, hazardous mat., fire fighting |
| (other org. are typ trade groups w/ interest in particular area) ASHRAE / IES / GA / ACI / AISI / AISC / AITC / *ANSI | American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers / Illuminating Engineering Society / Gypsum Association / American Concrete Institute / American Iron & Steel Institute / American Institute of Steel Const. / American Institute of Timber Const. / *American National Standards Institute |
| *ANSI - American National Standards Institute's role: | -approves standards developed by other org. & prevents duplications -process requires all views & objections of industry reps. being considered that an effort be made toward their resolution |
| TESTING LABORATORIES (1) a test must be performed by: (2) who recognizes independent labs | (1) (NRTL) National Recognized Testing Lab (best known NTRL is UL-Underwriters Lab) (2) (OSHA) Occupational Safety & Health Administration |
| (1) Underwriters Lab's role: (2) UL has several types of labels - "listed label" & "classified label" (3) common UL use is in testing: | (1) develop standards & test products for safety (2) "listed" = successful test signifying product has passed the safety test & is manuf. under UL follow-up services program (2) "classified" = samples of product tested for certain types of use only, must carry statement spec cond.'s tested for (3) testing doors & various protections for openings like for fire |
| (1) what indicates which tests or standards a mat. must satisfy to e acceptable for use? (2) name 3 types of common Fire Safety Tests | (1) building codes (2) ASTM E119 / NFPA 252 / NFPA 257 |
| ASTM E119 (Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Bldg Const. & Mat.) (1) most common for: (2) test procedure: (3) type of rating: | (1) common for floor & wall assemblies (2) ctrl'd fire to one side of mat. w/ gradual temp increase to simulate temps reached by bldg fire (3) gives time rating = time assembly can resist fire test w/out failing -(1,2,3,4 hrs typ, 0.5 & 1.5hr < common) -doors/oth openings get 20,30,45 min ratings (study tables 14.2 & 3) |
| What does the ASTM E119 (2) part test include: | part 1 - heat transfer through assembly is measured w/ goal to see how long it takes for combustion part 2 - "hose stream" test (sometimes using same assembly) - stream of water at a standardized high pressure is directed at the assembly which tests 1-integrity during a fire / 2-w/stand impacts of hose, falling debris / 3-cooling, eroding effects of water |
| NFPA 257 Fire Test includes: (Standard for Fire Test for Wndw & Glass Block Assemblies) | -rate how well a const. assembly can keep fire & smoke from passing from one space to another -rate flammability of a finish mat. -fire protection (units of time) for wndw openings in fire-resistive walls, determine deg. of protection glazing assembly provides from spread |
| NFPA 252 Fire Test Includes: (2 part test) (Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies) | -sim to ASTM E119 to evaluate door/ oth openings resisting passage of flame, heat, gases -Part 1 est. fire endurance rating -Part 2 is blast test from hose stream, det. if door stays in frame |
| Similar tests to NFPA 252 by (UL) Underwriter's Laboratories is: | (1) UL10B - Standard for Fire Test of Door Assemblies (2) UL10C - Standard for Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies |
| (1) 3 common tests for finish mat. flammability are: (2) how many does code include: (3) less common tests that test specific kinds of items for flammability: | (1) ASTM E84 / NFPA 265 / NFPA 286 (2) code doesn't necessarily include all (3) NFPA 289 & 701 |
| *What do flammability tests determine? (1-3) | (1) if mat. is flammable, if it simply burns or supports combustion & fuels fire (2) material's deg. of flammability (how fast fire spreads across a mat.) (3) how much smoke & toxic gas the mat. produces |
| ASTM E84 (Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Bldg Mat) AKA "Steiner Tunnel Test" includes: | -rates surface burning characteristics of interior finishes & oth bldg mat. -sample placed in chamber w/ flame at one end -mat. given FSI 0-100 "flame spread index" -mat. classified into 3 groups A (I), 0-25FSI / B (II), 26-75FSI / C (III), 76-200FSI A=most fire resistant SDI = "smoke-developed index"-measure of concentration of smoke emitted by a mat. as it burns |
| Who specifies minimum flame-spread req. for occupancies in areas of bldg? | building code |
| NFPA 265 - AKA "room corner test" (Standard Method Fire Testing for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile/Expanded Vinyl Wall coverings on Full Height Panels/Walls) includes: | -alt to ASTM E84, or req. in addition/instead -measures interior textile wall coverings to fire growth -textile applied to 3 sides of 8'x12'x8'h rm w/ ignition source heat output of 40kw/ 5 min or 150kw/ 10min |
| NFPA 265 "room corner test" is given a pass rating if (1-2): | (1) flame doesn't spread to ceiling during 40kw exposure (2) no flashover or flame spread to outer extremities of 8x12 wall occurs during 150kw exposure |
| NFPA 286 (Standard Method of Fire Test for Evaluating Contribution of Wall & Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth) includes: | -used to evaluate mat. oth than textiles -address concerns about interior finishes that don't remain in place during the "Steiner tunnel test" (ASTM E84) -sim to NFPA 265 test setup, but more mat. on wall surface & can test ceiling finishes -measures heat & smoke release, combustion products released, potential for fire spread beyond room |
| NFPA 289 (Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Packages) includes: -determines response to 3 types of fuel packages | (1) single decorative objects (2) exhibit booths (3) theater/movie stage sets |
| NFPA 701 (Standard Method for Fire Test for Flame Propagation of Textiles & Films) includes: | -flammability of draperies, curtains, oth wndw treatments -Test 1 - fabrics lighter than 21 oz/yd^2 -Test 2 - more than 21 oz/yd^2 like curtains, drapes, wndw treatments -tests mat. w/ air on both sides like blackout linings/ awnings/ banners |
| What is zoning? | -most common legal constraint on land development -"is the division of a city or area into districts to regulate the use of land & the location & size of bldgs w/in those districts" |
| What is zoning founded on? | -founded on right of state to protect, health, safety, welfare of public -state govt enacts enabling legislation, delegate zoning power to municipalities |
| Where does the history of zoning originate and who/when was the first ordinance? | -1916 NYC 1st zoning ordinance -history originates from attempting to improve problems of rapidly expanding cities like over crowding, factories too close to housing, tall bldgs blocking light & air |
| Zoning regulations include: (1-7) | (1) what a parcel of land is used for (2) how much of land bldgs can cover (3) how large structures can be (4) how far bldgs are to be setback from property lines (5) how much pkg & loading space must be provided (6) can include regulating signs (7) allow more bldg area for sites providing plazas/open space |
| (1) non-city zoning includes: (2) zoning is based on occupancies like: (3) each zoning districts specifies: (4) can a zone only be used for it's own purpose? | (1) airport use, agricultural vs forestry vs recreational use, floodplains, historic area (2) resi, commercial, industrial occupancy ^ (Ex-resi can be single home to high density multi-home dwellings) (3) specifies permissible uses (4) it can be used for it's own purpose or a use listed in one more restrictive |
| Site Specific Regulations "easements" | -right to use another's land for a specific purpose or prevent land owner from using it for specific purpose -common ex is "utility easement" where utility co. can run abv or blw ground lines, place equip, prevent permanent structures |
| Site Specific Regulations (1) "access easement" (2) "support easement" (3) "joint use easement" (4) "scenic easement" (5) "conservation easement" | (1) land parcel not served by public road, this gives owner public right to cross an adj property (2) const. of common party walls btwn property (3) 2 or more prop. owners to share common features like a driveway (4) protect views/ develop. in scenic areas (5) limit land use in large areas (used by public agencies to ctrl land use w/out purchasing land) |
| "ROW" Right-of-way | -legal right of one party or public to traverse land belonging to another (ex streets or sidewalks) -boundary is typ adj property owner -"access easement" creates a private or public right-of-way |
| Deed Restrictions (1) what is the general understanding? (2) how long are deed restrictions typ est for? (3) "restrictive covenants" | (1) deeds to property can contain provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer (2) most est for specific time period of 10, 15, 20, 30 years (3) these are legal & enforceable, common type for developers of large land areas, can include setbacks, min house SF, mat. allowed on exterior, etc |
| Deed Restrictions Cont' (4) "affirmative covenant" (5) "conditional covenant" | (4) req. a buyer to perform a specific duty in the future (Ex construct & maintain a fence) (5) permits the title to property to revert to original owner if restrictions prescribed in deed aren't followed |
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