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Description
Flashcards by Lauren Parker, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lauren Parker
almost 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what is epidemiology? | the study of the incidence and causes of disease |
| what does epidemiology require? | needs a large sample size |
| what is quite often the issue when data shows a correlation? | doesn't show causeation |
| how many cases of lung cancer does smoking cause and what causes the risk to increase? | 87% higher risk with more smoked per day |
| what are other factors that can cause lung cancer besides smoking? | particulate smoke - eg city possible genetic predisposition passive smoking |
| why is it common to only detect lung cancer tumours when they are quite large? | there are no nerve endings in the lungs and therefore no pain felt, by the time diagnosis confirms a tumour, it may be quite large and it may have undergone metastasis |
| what is a tumour? | uncontrolled cell division, creates a mass of undifferentiated cells (not specialised) |
| what is metastasis? | where a tumour can break up and cells spread in plasma to other regions of the body forming secondary tumours/ cancer |
| what does benign mean? | tumour doesn't undergo metastasis, easier to remove |
| what does malignant mean? | tumour can metastasis |
| what are symptons of lung cancer? (4) | -hard to breathe -coughing up blood -lack of energy/ fatigure -loss of appetite |
| what is emphysema? | excessive coughing results in bursting of alevoli = bigger air spaces thus, decreases the surface area for oxygen uptake |
| what is the result of emphysema? | -serious lack of energy -struggle to breathe -loss of elasticity of the lungs - breathing difficult |
| what is emphysema linked to? | smoking |
| what are phagocytes? | white blood cells that engulf pathogens and some chemicals |
| what do phagocytes normally produce to breakdown proteins in pathogens | elastase |
| what chemical does the body normally produce that stops the elastase hurting the host/ body's cells and what does it do? | chemical A1AT (Alpha- 1 antiTrypsin) it stops elastase digesting alveoli |
| what is the cause of emphysema? | -smoking stimulates phagocytes to overprouduce elastase -patient must have mutation that stops production of A1AT |
| what is tuberculosis caused by? | bacterium called "mycrobacterium tuberculosis" |
| what does tuberculosis do? | casuses scarring and lesions (damage/injury) of the lung |
| Tuberculosis is easily spread, how does this happen? (4) | - droplet borne disease - overcrowding -poor ventilation -lack od hygiene |
| what is the issue with asthma? | narrowing of air ways (bronchioles) a) smooth muscle contracts (smooth muscle surrounds air ways) b) oversecretion of mucus wit aim to protect alveoli: problem is breathing out - harder to remover CO2 and bring in O2 rich air |
| how many people may get emphysema? | 1 in 5 |
| how do inhalers help sufferers of asthma? | inhalers (steroids) cause airways to widen - can now remove the mucus by coughing - able to breathe properly |
| what is copd? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| what happens with copd? | tissue suffers from fibrosis (thickeing or scarring of tissue), walls lose their elasticity therefore forced expiration becomes difficult |
| where is copd more common? | in smokers |
| how is copd tested? | with a peak flow meter |
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