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Flashcards by dramirez12, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by dramirez12
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Constructing Deviance | Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning -The process of constructing and applying definitions of deviance can be understood as a moral enterprise -Moral Entrepreneurs individuals drawing on the power and resources of organizations -We have two kinds of moral entrepreneurs: rule creators and rule enforcers -Rule Creators are are people such as politicians, crusading public figures and rule enforcers -Rule enforcers are police/courts/judges -Moral entrepreneurs manufacture public morality through a multistage process -The first goal is to generate awareness of a problem -Second, rule creators must bring about a moral conversion, convincing others of their view -At times the efforts of moral entrepreneurs are so successful that they create a "moral panic" -To be successful moral panics usually have to occur during a ripe historical time, when a combination of social, ecological, ideological, professional, and/or political forces have contributed to some growing cultural anxiety |
| Differential Social Power:Labeling - Specific behavioral acts are not the only things that can be constructed as deviant;this definition can also be applied to a social status, demographic characteristic, or lifestyle. -A range or different factors give certain groups social power in society to construct definitions of deviance and to apply those labels onto others -Money is one of the clearest elements -In a society characterized by striving for social influence,status, and power, one way to attain this is to pass and enforce rules that define others' behavior as deviant Differential Social Power: Resisting Labeling -Powerful Groups may be successful in working to resist the application of definitions of deviance to them -Higher status groups in society are less likely to be perceived as deviant whether they actively work to fight the label or not -This differential social power may be applied either directly or comparatively, as when society judges the behavior of one group against another, or when individuals or a group are judged on their own | Ch.15 The Social Construction of Drug Scares |
| -Drug Wars are reactions to the various troubles people can have with drugs Drug Scares and Drug Laws - The first and most significant drug scare was over drink -Americas first real drug law was San Francisco's anti opium ordinance of 1875 -In the Great Depression Harry Anslinger of the Federal Narcotics Bureau pushed Congress for a federal law against marijuana -Recipe for drug scares and repressive drug laws that contain seven ingredients 1. A Kernel of Truth- sufficient ingestion of consciousness altering chemicals to provide some basis for some people to claim that it is a problem 2. Media Magnification- media dramatizes drug problems 3. Politico-Moral Entrepreneurs- most prominent and powerful moral entrepreneurs in drug scares are often political elites 4. Professional Interest Groups- "ownership" of drug problems 5. Historical Context of Conflict- This trinity of the media, moral entrepreneurs, and professional interests typically interact in such a way as to inflate the extant "kernel truth" about drug use 6. Linking a Form of Drug Use to a "Dangerous Class" | drugs are intimate objects without social consequence until they are ingested by humans 7. Scapegoating a Drug for a Wide Array of Public Problems- may be the most crucial element because it gives great explanatory power and thus broader resonance to claims about the horrors of drugs Toward A Culturally Specific Theory of Drug Scares -Drug scares and other periods of acute public concern about drug use are not just discrete, unrelated episodes -Drug scares continue to occur in American society in part because people must constantly manage the contradiction between a Temperance culture that insists on self control and mass consumption culture which renders self control continuously problematic |
| Chapter 16 Blowing Smoke:Status Politics and the Smoking Ban | -Attempts to control psychoactive substances have linked their use to categories of relatively powerless people Status Politics and The Creation of Deviance -Deviance is socially constructed -The ability to define and construct reality is closely connected to the power structure of society -Deviance creation involves political competition in which moral entrepreneurs originate moral crusades aimed at generating reform The Status Politics of Cigarette Smoking -The political dynamics underlying the definition of deviant behaviors may be seen clearly in efforts to end smoking in public facilities -Abstinence and bodily purity are the cornerstones of the nonsmoker's purported moral superiority |
| Ch. 17 Failure to Launch | A condition, episode, person, or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests;its nature is presented in a stylized and stereotypical fashion by the mass media; the moral barricades are manned by editors, bishops, politicians, and other right thinking people Some reasons that might cause an apparent social problem to abort before becoming a moral panic a failure to launch 1. Lack of technological understanding-beyond the capacity of law enforcement 2. Comprehensive official control of an issue- issue is strictly within the hands of federal law enforcement agencies who face no pressures, external or internal, to deliver a response more effective than what they are already offering |
| Consequences 1. Lack of media access-no journalistic exemption applies to very stringent federal laws and just looking is not possible 2. The invisibility of the problem- child porn material exists within a relatively self- contained universe that the ordinary user cannot simply stumble across 3. Preemption by other causes and interest groups- the topic can be appropriated in symbolic forms by various pressure groups | The Ideal Panic - A diversity of agencies and interest groups must exist from which the media can draw and which can make rival claims -The story must be comprehensible to agencies and journalists themselves before it can be repackaged for the general public - The issue must be sufficiently overt and accessible that ordinary consumers will have some chance of encountering what they believe to be its manifestation -The panic should offer a narrative -The story should lend itself to visual portrayal -The narrative must also have an outcome -For consumers the narrative will have maximum impact it it meshes with previous expectations and knowledge |
| Ch. 18 Gender, Race, and Urban Policing | -Law enforcement strategies in poor urban communities produce a range of harms to African American residents -Feminist scholars suggest that young Black women are far from immune from negative experiences with the justice system -Girls are more likely than boys to experience juvenile justice interventions for relatively minor offenses, and African American women and girls receive more punitive treatment than their white counterparts |
| The Experience of African American Youth -Young men more often reported being mistreated themselves -Youths responses to survey items about how the police behave in their neighborhoods were consistent across gender -Youths described frequent pedestrian and vehicle stops as the primary policing strategy in their neighborhoods Young Men and the Police -They believed that the police besieged their neighborhoods because officers believed that many of the people living there, particularly young Black men, were criminals -They also believed the police sought to limit their use of public space by designating neighborhood locations as crime hot spots Young Women and the Police - Their most common complaint particularly alone or in the company of other girls was being stopped for curfew violations Discussion -Research on race and policing is often inattentive to gender and rarely considers the perspectives of minority citizens | Ch.19 Homophobia and Women's Sport |
| -Central to the preservation of a patriarchal and heterosexist society is a well established gender order with clearly defined norms and sanctions governing the behavior of men and women -This normative gender system is relayed to and installed in members of society through a pervasive socialization network that is evident in both everyday social interaction and social institutions -Despite gender role socialization, not all individuals engage in behavior consistent with gender expectations | Women's violation of traditional gender role norms represents a particularly serious threat to the patriarchal and heterosexist society because this deviant behavior resists women's subordinate status -When women engage in behavior that challenges the established gender order, and thus opposes male domination, attempts are often made by those most threatened to devalue these women and ultimately control their actions Results Examination of the responses of athletes revealed two prevailing themes related to the presence of the lesbian stereotype in women's sport (a) a silence surrounding the issue of lesbianism in women''s sport (b) athletes internalization of societal stereotypes concerning lesbians and women athletes Silence Surrounding Lesbianism in Women's Sport -One of the most pervasive themes throughout the interviews related to the general silence associated with the lesbian stereotype in women's sport Athletes Difficulty in Discussing Lesbian Topic - Athletes experienced difficulty discussing the lesbian stereotype |
| Viewing Lesbianism as a Personal and Irrelevant Issue - A second indicator of the silence surrounding the lesbian stereotype was reflected in athletes general comments about lesbianism Disguising Athletic Identity to Avoid Lesbian Label - A third form of silence surrounding the lesbian stereotype was the tendency for athletes to hide their athletic identities Team Difficulty in Addressing Lesbian Issue -Not only did the silence surrounding lesbianism impact certain aspects of the lives of individual athletes, but it also affected interpersonal relationships among team members Administrative Difficulty in Addressing Lesbian Issue - Another manifestation of silence relayed in the responses of athletes was the apparent unwillingness of coaches and athletic directors to confront openly the lesbian stereotype Conclusions -Based on athletes responses it was evident that the silence surrounding the lesbian issue in womens sport was deeply ingrained at all levels of the womens intercollegiate sport structure Athletes Internalization of Societal Stereotypes | A second major theme reflected in the responses of athletes was a general internalization of stereotype representations of lesbians and women athletes Acceptance of Lesbian Stereotypes - The remarks of athletes demonstrate that the very group that is oppressed accepts social stereotypes about lesbians and has incorporated these images into their managing of the situation Acceptance of Women's Sport Team Stereotypes -Relative to providing a rationale for why the lesbian label was more likely to be associated with athletes in certain sports respondents again demonstrated an understanding and internalization of societal stereotypes Acceptance of Negative Images of Lesbianism -Athletes rarely directed their anger or condemnations at the homophobic society that restricts the actions of women athletes, including the non lesbian athlete |
| Ch. 20 The Mark of a Criminal Record | Trends in Incarceration - Over the past three decades the number of prison inmates in the Unites States has increased more than 600 % -US has the highest incarceration rate in the world -The expansion of the prison population has been particularly consequential for blacks -It is mostly caused by the minority status and criminal record -There is no reason to believe that the signal of a criminal record should be less consequential for blacks Study Design -The basic design of this study involves the use of four male auditors, two blacks and two whites Tester Profiles - In developing the tester profiles, emphasis was placed on adopting characteristics that were both numerically representative and substantively important The Effect of a Criminal Record for Whites -The results demonstrate that criminal records close doors in employment situations The Effect of a Race -African Americans continue to suffer from lower rates of employment relative to whites, but there is tremendous disagreement over the source of these disparities |
| Racial Differences in the Effects of a Criminal Record - The evidence is suggestive of the way in which associations between race and crime affect interpersonal evaluations Discussions -There is serious disagreement among academics, policy makers, and practitioners over the extent to which contact with the criminal justice system in itself leads to harmful consequences for employment -The persistent effect of race on employment opportunities is painfully clear in the results -Blacks are less than half as likely to receive consideration by employers, relative to white counterparts, and black nonoffenders fall behind even whites with prior felony convictions | Ch. 21 The Saints and the Roughnecks |
| The Saints from Monday to Friday -Get out of class early and go to Poll hall -The boys would spill coke on the floor and put salt in the sugar containers The Saints on Weekends -They would go to Big Town where they would drink and drive drunk -They would commit acts of vandalism and play pranks The Saints in School -they were successful in school -The average grade for the group was a B -Cheating on examinations was rampant The police and the Saints -The local police saw the saints as good boys who were among the leaders of the youth in the community | The Roughnecks -The bad guys who did not dress well and who were always in trouble with the police -They did not have cars The Roughnecks in School - Behavior was disruptive -Teachers saw them as heading for trouble and they were not the brightest kids -The group average was a C Visibility -Differential treatment of the two gangs resulted in part because one gang was infinitely more visible than the other Demeanor - To the notion of visibility must be added the difference in the responses of group members to outside intervention with their activities Bias -Visibility, demeanor and bias are surface variables that explain the day to day operations of the police - The class structure of American society and the control of legal institutions by those at the top of the class structure Adult Careers of the Saints and the Roughnecks - The Saints went off to college except one -The Roughnecks lived up to community expectations Reinforcement - The community responded to the Roughnecks as boys in trouble and the boys agreed with that perception |
| -Their pattern of deviancy was reinforced and breaking away from it became increasingly unlikely - once the boys acquired an image of themselves as deviants, they selected new friends who affirmed that self image -Other kids who have established a reputation for being bright disciplined and involved in respectable activities who are mobile, will be invisible when they deviate from sanctioned activities | Ch. 22 Doctors' Autonomy and Power |
| -Health care has grown into a trillion dollars a yer enterprise -the delivery of patient services involves not only physicians but also large scale insurance companies, government-financed benefit programs and health maintenance Organizations The Protective Cloak: Status, Altruism, and Autonomy - One element of the Cloak is high social status -Professionals possess the financial and political wherewithal to influence the manner in which criminal statutes are written and enforced and they are more apt to escape arrest and conviction than those who lack such power - Doctors have been relatively immane from legal scrutiny because of the medical professions historical preference for self regulation Selected Medical Offenses Medical Kickbacks: Free Splitting and Self Referrals -Kickbacks are defined as payments from one party to another in exchange for referred business or other income producing deals -Fee splitting occurs when one physician receives payment from a surgeon or other specialists in exchange for patient referrals Prescription Violations | -Only doctors possess the education and specialized expertise required to safely prescribe dangerous and often addictive drugs -Numerous doctors were caught selling blank prescriptions to known addicts -One physician dispensed expired drugs from old, unlabeled spice jars Unnecessary Treatments - Doctors who intentionally subject patients to medically unnecessary treatments violate the law in two ways 1. unnecessary treatments are fraudulent because they result in compensation that is gained Sexual Misconduct - Sexual conduct by doctors can take a variety of forms -Doctors may engage in sexual misconduct in exchange for professional services Medicaid Fraud and Abuse -Doctors perceived Medicaid as a threat to their professional medical services -The medical community's initial opposition led to certain flaws in the programs design that created easy opportunities to violate the law -The governments intrusion on the professional autonomy of doctors gave rise to an aggressively defiant attitude among some practitioners against the rules that governed Medicaid work |
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