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Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
almost 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Order the Measurements from Metre to Picometre, including their respective Symbols | Metre (m) Millimetre (mm) Micrometre (μm) Nanometre (nm) Picometre (pm) |
| What Equation Relates the Size of Image, Actual Size, and Magnification of a Microscope? | Size of Image = Actual Size × Magnification or Actual Size = Size of Image ÷ Magnification or Magnification = Size of Image ÷ Actual Size |
| What are some Features of Light Microscopes compared to Electron Microscopes? | > Uses light to see specimens > Lower magnification (up to ×2000) > Lower resolution > Cheaper > Lenses made of glass > Specimen can be dead or alive |
| What are some Features of Electron Microscopes compared to Light Microscopes? | > Uses electrons to see specimens > Higher magnification > Higher resolution > Expensive > Lenses are made of electromagnets > Operates under a vacuum > Specimen needs to be dead :( > TEM: High Magnification (×1,000,000) - electrons pass through > SEM: Low(er) Magnification (×30,000) - electrons bounce off and produce 3D image |
| What does Photosynthesis Produce and what is it Used For? | > Produces glucose and CO₂ > Used to make larger, complex molecules that the photosynthetic organism needs to grow > Contributes to food chain |
| Where does Photosynthesis happen? | Inside chloroplasts - chlorophyll absorbs light |
| What is the Word Equation for Photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (light and chlorophyll above the arrow) |
| What is the Symbol Equation for Photosynthesis? | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light and chlorophyll above the arrow) |
| What are the 3 (main) Factors that Affect Photosynthesis? | 1. Light Intensity 2. Concentration of CO₂ 3. Temperature |
| What is a Limiting Factor? | A factor that stops a reaction from happening faster than it is |
| Describe the 2 Main Stages of Light Intensity in Correlation with the rate of Photosynthesis | 1. Light level is raised - rate of photosynthesis increases steadily 2. Up to a certain point the graph flattens out as CO₂ or temperature is the limiting factor |
| What does it mean if there is a Flat Line on a CO₂, Rate of Photosynthesis Graph? | The CO₂ is no longer the limiting factor |
| What is the name of the Plant Growth Hormone? | Auxin |
| Where do Auxins Control Growth in Plants? | At shoots and roots |
| How does Auxin Affect Plant Growth? | > Shoots: Promotes Growth > Roots: Inhibits Growth |
| Where is Auxin Produced? | Tips |
| How does Auxin move through the plant? | Diffuses backwards in a solution (dissolved in water) |
| Which two Growth Responses does Auxin Contribute to? | Phototropism (Response to Light) Gravitropism (Response to Gravity) |
| Why do Shoot Tips Grow Towards Light? | Allows the shoot to absorb more light for photosynthesis, enabling plant growth |
| How do Shoot Tips Grow Towards Light? | > Shoots are Positively Phototropic > When exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the shaded side > Cells grows / elongate faster on the shaded side > Shoot bends towards light |
| How do Shoots Grow Away from Gravity? | > Shoots are Negatively Gravitropic > When growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin > More auxin on the lower side > The lower side grows / elongates faster > The shoot bends upwards |
| How do Roots Grow Towards Gravity? | > Roots are Positively Gravitropic > When growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin > More auxin on the lower side > The lower side's growth is inhibited > Cells on the top elongate faster > Root bends downwards |
| How do Roots Grow Away from Light? | > Root are Negatively Phototropic > When exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the shaded side > The shaded side's growth is inhibited > Root bends downwards, towards the ground |
| How do Selective Weedkillers using Plant Hormones Work? | > Weeds growing in fields of crops are broad-leaved > Selective weedkillers developed from auxins which only affect broad-leaved plants > Weedkillers disrupt the growth patterns, which soon kills them, leaving the grass / crop untouched |
| How does Growing Cuttings with Rooting Powder using Plant Hormones Work? | > Cutting is a part of a plant that has been cut off (e.g. end of a branch) > Cuttings wouldn't grow in soil naturally > Adding rooting powder (which contains auxins) causes the cutting to rapidly produce roots > Clones of plants are produced very quickly |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Control Flower / Fruit Formation? | > Gibberellins are plant hormones that stimulate seed germination (growth of a seed into a plant), stem growth and flowering > They can be used to make plants flower earlier, or under different conditions > They can reduce flower formation, improving fruit quality, since there is fewer flowers and fewer fruits and therefore bigger, higher quality fruits |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Produce Seedless Fruit? | > Fruits (with seeds) naturally only grow on flowering plants that have been pollinated > Plant hormones, such as gibberellins, can be applied to unpollinated flowers > The fruit will grow, but since it hasn't been pollinated, the seeds do not |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Control the Ripening of Fruits? | > Less ripe fruits can be picked and transported easier, as they are firmer and therefore less easy to damage > Ethene, a ripening hormone, can be added to the fruit, which in turn will ripen it after transport |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Control Seed Germination? | > Seeds won't germinate until they've been through specific conditions > Seeds can be treated with gibberellins to make them germinated at any time of the year |
| What is a Fertilised Egg Cell called? | Zygote |
| What happens to a Zygote after Fertilisation? | Turns into an embryo after dividing in two ~24 hours later |
| What is a Condom and how does it Prevent Fertilisation? | Placed over the erect penis, a physical barrier that prevents sperm from entering the vagina |
| What is a Diaphragm or Cap and how does it Prevent Fertilisation? | Placed over the cervix, a physical barrier that prevents sperm in the vagina entering the uterus |
| What is a Hormone Pill / Implant and how does it Prevent Fertilisation? | Releases hormones to prevent ovulation and / or thickens the mucus at the cervix, making it difficult for sperm cells to pass through |
| What are the (Main) Stages of the Menstrual Cycle? | > Days 1 - 5: menstruation begins, in which the uterus lining breaks down and is lost with the unfertilised egg cell (period) > Days 4 - 14: uterus lining builds up again, becoming a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready for a fertilised egg to implant > Day 14: Ovulation, an egg is released from the ovary > Day 14 - 28: the uterus lining is maintained. Fertilisation is most likely to occur at this point. If unfertilised, cycle repeats |
| Menstruation Hormone Graph because yeah | |
| What is FSH and its Purpose? | > Follicle-Stimulating Hormone > Released by the pituitary gland > Causes a follicle (an egg and its surrounding cells) to mature in one of the ovaries > Stimulates œstrogen production > Released when œstrogen levels are high and progesterone levels are low > Inhibited by increasing progesterone levels |
| What is Œstrogen and its Purpose? | > Released by the ovaries > Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow > Falling triggers menstruation > Released when the egg follicle is maturing > "Stops"ish being produced when the follicle bursts > High level stimulates LH surge |
| What is LH and its Purpose? | > Luteinising Hormone > Released by the pituitary gland > LH surge triggers ovulation - the follicle ruptures and the egg is released > Stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into corpus luteum > Released when œstrogen levels are high > Inhibited by increasing progesterone levels |
| What is Progesterone and its Purpose? | > Released by the corpus luteum (in the ovaries) after ovulation > Maintains the lining of the uterus and inhibits the release of FSH and LH > Fall in progesterone and œstrogen causes the uterus lining to break down > Low progesterone levels allows FSH to increase > Stops being produced if corpus luteum breaks down |
| What happens Hormonally during Days 0 to 6 of Menstruation? | > Pituitary gland in the brain releases FSH > FSH travels to the ovaries > Stimulates a potential egg cell and follicle around it to develop > Follicle cells secrete œstrogen, which stimulates the rebuilding of the uterus wall > Initial concentrations of œstrogen are very low. The low concentration has a negative feedback effect on the secretion of FSH |
| What happens Hormonally during Days 10 to 13 of Menstruation? | > Follicles in the ovaries are now producing enough œstrogen to be detected by the brain > The effect of œstrogen on FSH production reverses > Brain produces FSH and LH - a positive feedback mechanism |
| What happens Hormonally during Day 14 of Menstruation? | > Peak of LH causes the follicle to burst and release an ovum (ovulation) > Follicle reforms to become a corpus luteum > Corpus luteum produces progesterone > Progesterone causes the uterus wall to thicken > Rising concentrations of progesterone and œstrogen have a negative feedback effect on FSH and LH, preventing new follicles from forming |
| What happens Hormonally during Day 28 of Menstruation? | > Fertilisation must occur within ~2 days of ovulation > Embryo takes 3 days to reach the uterus and implant > If no embryo implants, the corpus luteum breaks down > Progesterone and œstrogen concentrations fall - uterus lining begins to break down > FSH is no longer inhibited, so it begins to rise > Cycle repeats |
| What is Clomifene Therapy? | > Some women do not ovulate (regularly) > Clomifene increases the concentrations of FSH and LH in the blood > FSH and LH stimulates egg maturation and ovulation |
| What happens when Blood Glucose levels are too High? | > Pancreas releases insulin > Insulin causes cells in the liver and muscles to take in glucose, leaving a fall in glucose levels > Glucose is stored as glycogen |
| What happens when Blood Glucose levels are too Low? | > Pancreas releases glucagon > Glucagon causes the conversion of glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the blood |
| Why do Blood Glucose levels need to be Consistent? | High levels of glucose can damage cells in tissues and organs, which can lead to death (in extreme cases, such as diabetes) |
| What is Type 1 Diabetes and how is it Treated? | > Condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin > Treated with insulin therapy - injecting insulin into the subcutaneous tissue, where it can enter the blood stream. Usually done at mealtimes to make sure the glucose is removed quickly > Also treated with limiting intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates and taking regular exercise, to help remove excess glucose |
| What is Type 2 Diabetes and how is it Treated? | > Condition where pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin OR a person becomes resistant to insulin > Correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes (although not all cases are due to obesity) > Controlled with a healthy diet, regular exercise and loosing weight (if necessary). Occasionally, medication or insulin injections are used, but not very common |
| How do you calculate BMI? | Body Mass Index = mass (kg) ÷ height (m)² |
| What 2 Main Features make Exchange Surfaces as Efficient as Possible? | 1. Thin - shorter distance for the particles to diffuse across 2. Large Surface Area (to Volume Ratio) - more room on the surface itself for diffusion to take place |
| What 3 Main Factors does the Rate of Diffusion Depends on? | 1. Distance - substances diffuse quicker when they haven't as far to move > Concentration Gradient - substances diffuse faster if there's a difference in the two concentrations > Surface Area (to Volume Ratio) - if there is more surface available, more molecules can move across, so diffusion is faster |
| What is Fick's Law? | Rate of Diffusion ∝ (Surface Area × Concentration Difference) ÷ Thickness of Membrane |
| What is Cellular Respiration? | A series of chemical reactions by which our bodies release energy from glucose, used for metabolic processes, contracting muscles, and maintaining a steady body temperature |
| What are the Two Types of Respiration? | 1. Ærobic - in the presence of O₂ 2. Anærobic - without the presence of O₂ |
| Is Respiration Exothermic or Endothermic? | Exothermic since some energy is transferred out cells by heating, which helps keep animals warm |
| What is the Word and Symbol Equation for Ærobic Respiration? | Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O |
| What is the Site for Ærobic Respiration and why? | > Mitochondria > Folded membrane to increase the surface area > Increases enzyme activity |
| What is Anærobic Respiration? | > Respiration without oxygen > Happens during strenuous exercise - oxygen is being used up faster than it is being replaced |
| What is the Word Equation for Anærobic Respiration? | Glucose → Lactic Acid |
| What are the Disadvantages of using Anærobic Respiration? | > Releases less energy from the same amount of glucose > Muscles begin to lire quickly > Lactic acid causes cramp > Oxygen debt - heart and breathing rate remain high |
| What is the Word Equation for Anærobic Respiration IN PLANTS? | Glucose → Ethanol (mmm) + Carbon Dioxide personally, i'd like to anærobically respire like this |
| What is the Biological Term for Red Blood Cells? | Erythrocytes |
| How is Oxygen Transmitted by Erythrocytes? | > Hæmoglobin binds to oxygen and releases it > Bright red when hound to oxygen > Dark red with less oxygen bound |
| What are the Adaptations of Erythrocytes? | > Biconcave - large surface area for absorbing oxygen > Hæmoglobin allows for the biding of oxygen > No nucleus - more room to carry oxygen |
| What are the 2 Types of White Blood Cells? | 1. Phagocytes 2. Lymphocytes |
| What are Phagocytes? | White blood cells that can change shape to engulf unwanted pathogens - this is called phagocytosis |
| What are Lymphocytes? | White blood cells that produce antibodies against pathogens. Sometimes antitoxins are produced to neutralise any toxins produced by the pathogens |
| What are Platelets? | Tiny fragments of cells with no nucleus that produce substances needed to clot blood at the site of an injury |
| What is Plasma? | > Liquid in the blood > Carries Dissolved Substances: - Glucose - Amino Acids - CO₂ - Urea - Hormones - Proteins - etc. |
| What are the 3 Types of Blood Vessel? | 1. Arteries - carry blood away from heart 2. Capillaries - involved in the exchange of materials 3. Veins - carry blood to the heart |
| How is Oxygen Delivered to Other Organs by the Circulatory System? | > Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, which takes in oxygen > Oxygenated blood is returned to the heart > Heart pumps now oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body > Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart |
| Name the parts of the Heart where the Arrows / Lines Are | |
| Describe what happens to Deoxygenated Blood in the Heart | > Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava > Deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle, forcing the valve open > Right ventricle pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery |
| Describe what happens to Oxygenated Blood in the Heart | > Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein > Oxygenated blood moves through to the left ventricle, forcing the valve open > Left ventricle pumps it around the whole body through the aorta |
| Which part of the Heart Separates the Two Chambers? | Septum |
| What is the Acronym for Remembering which Chamber of the Heart has Oxygenated / Deoxygenated Blood? | LORD: L eft O xygenated R ight D eoxygenated |
| How is Contraction and Relaxation of the Heart Controlled? | Impulses from the nervous system |
| What is Heart Rate? | Number of times the heart beats (per minute) |
| What is the Stroke Volume? | The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each heart beat |
| What is Cardiac Output? | The total volume of blood pumped into the aorta every minute |
| How do you Calculate Cardiac Output? | Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume |
| Why is Heart Rate Lower for People who Regularly Exercise? | > Size of the ventricles and strength of the muscles increases in the ventricle wall > Stroke volume is increased > Less beats are required for the same cardiac output |
| What are Biotic Factors? | Living organisms / factors that affect a community |
| What are Abiotic Factors? | Physical and chemical factors that affect distribution |
| What are some Examples of Abiotic Factors? | > Soil pH > Sunlight / Light Intensity > Rainfall > Temperature > Humidity > Pollution > Amount of Water etc. |
| What are some Examples of Biotic Factors? | > Herbivory > Predation > Invasive Species > Disease > Competition (of Resources) > Parasitism etc. |
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