Flashcards
FRST 395 Final Exam
Cards in this deck (200)
- 1Examples of direct species interactionspredation, competition, parasitism, herbivory, mutualism, disease
- 2examples of indirect species interactionsfacilitative competition, apparent competition, predator-sensitive foraging, facilitation, trophic cascades
- 3what is apparent competition?two or more species share a common predator and as a result, are negatively impacted
- 4example of apparent competitionthe increase of one prey population causes an increase in a predator population causing another prey species to have increased predation risk.
- 5what is an ecosystem engineer? give an examplea species that significantly modify their habitat. Example: beavers build dams
- 6Keystone species and examplea species whose functional role in its ecosystem is disproportionately greater than its population density. An example of this is an apex predator (lion)
- 7food websan interconnected network of how energy gets transferred between species within a community
- 8trophic level and what it is determined bythe transfer of energy between species within a community, determined by the specific dietary needs and restrictions. plants= primary producer, herbivores= primary consumer, mesopredators (omnivores or carnivores)= secondary consumers, apex predators or carnivores= tertiary predators
- 9trophic cascadeWhen the change in population density of one species affects densities of two or more trophic levels/species
- 10mesopredator releasethe extirpation of an apex predator causes negative impacts on lower trophic levels due to increased deregulated predation from mesopredators.
- 11Community and examplespecies that interact with each other in the same space at the same time. forest vegetation community, marsh vegetation community, wetland vertebrate population
- 12communities within communities and examplesthere are different degrees of communities within each space examples of this are within a forest vegetation there is a community within a single tree and with in that tree there is a community of bacteria living in a birds stomach that resides in that tree.
- 13How are communities measured?species richness
species abundance
species diversity (a highly diverse community will have many different species at similar abundances) - 14What is the effect of high functional diversity?more functional roles and more traits in the community
- 15what are functional traits? give examplesphenotypic characteristics that influence species performance such as body size, diet, life history, time of activity (diurnal or nocturnal)
- 16What is competition?2 or more species rely on same resources that are limited and suffer from presence of one another.
- 17What is a niche?the breadth of resources and environmental conditions that allow a species to persist in a specific area. Species in competition have similar niches
- 18What is competitive exclusion principle?The idea that in order for a species to persist it can not have the exact same niche as another species or one will inevitably outcompete the other.
- 19What is resource partitioning?enables the coexistence of similar species through slight differences in resources used and food consumed.
- 20What are the four types of predation?Carnivorism, herbivory, parasitism, cannibalism
- 21what is the numerical response of predators?the physical density (survival and reproduction) of a predator species is positively correlated to the density of its prey species
- 22What is the functional response of predators?the behaviours (feeding/ rate of exploitation) of predators are positively correlated to the density of its prey species
- 23what is a guild?group of species exploiting the same resource
- 24what is intraguild predation?killing of animals within guild
- 25What is kleptoparasitism?parasitism by theft example: wolves kill a prey species and a bear takes it from them
- 26What are the three types of wildlife restoration?habitat, restoration, augmentation or species reintroduction, removal of invasive species
- 27facilitation (+,0) examplescavengers eating the remains of a predators prey after the main predator is done feeding
- 28Habitat filtera feature within a habitat in which its presence or nonexistence makes the habitat unsuitable for a species
- 29What are some examples of habitat restorationwildlife corridors, natural fire regimes, restoring wetlands, removing invasive plants
- 305 biggest threats to BC wildlife1. climate change
2. habitat loss
3. disease - 31genetic diversityvariation of alleles that form a gene making up different genotypes for each individual
- 32What is genetic diversity across different scales?individual loci- chromosomes- organism- population
- 33What are four terms that affect genetic diversity?Mutualism, natural selection, migration, genetic drift
- 34What are some challenges involved in species reintroduction?must have a suitable habitat, how will success be measured and monitored, have the original threats been removed
- 35what are three things that maintain a homozygous recessive trait?assortative mating (prefer to mate with individuals that look the same as them), selective advantage (recessive trait has advantages in the wild), frequency dependence
- 36why is population density important in terms of genetic diversity?smaller populations are more likely to have less genetic diversity due to genetic drift
- 37What is an effective population size(Ne)?the size of an idealized population. Lose diversity at the same rate as population size
- 38What is a genetic bottleneck?a rapid decrease in genetic diversity due to severe reduction in population sizes
- 39What is inbreeding depression?decreased fitness of a population due to the persistence of a deleterious gene in the gene pool. Caused by lack of mating options (small population)
- 40what is adaptive potential and how does it relate to population size?the potential for populations to adapt to their surroundings is lower with smaller populations
- 41what is the short-term importance of genetic variation?avoidance of inbreeding depression
- 42what is the long-term importance of genetic variation?maintain evolutionary potential (adaptations to climate change, invasive species, habitat degradation)
- 43What is population fragmentation? give an examplefragmenting of habitats and ecosystems leading to habitat islands. Examples include human-made structures such as roads and cities with no green connectivity
- 44Does wildlife crossing help maintain genetic diversity?Yes. it allows sufficient gene flow preventing isolation
- 45define wildlife or FRST 395all wild terrestrial vertebrate species
- 46Define ecologythe study of how individuals and species interact within an environment that determine distribution and abundance
- 47What is wildlife management?manipulations of wildlife populations either directly or indirectly through habitat
- 48What are the simple wildlife goals?make numbers go up or down, keep numbers where they are, leave populations alone but monitor abundance.
- 49what is one reason Canada seems to be doing better in terms of maintaining wildlife?Large undisturbed habitat
- 50What does BC have more of than any other part of North Americalarge terrestrial mammals
- 51What are some important threats to endangered vertebrates in BC?agriculture, deforestation, urbanization, poaching, human disturbance
- 52why do humans generally favour areas with high biodiversity as places to live?temperate climates, high produtivity
- 53What are four challenges for wildlife management in terms of coexistence?protect species, maintain ecosystems, extract wood sustainably, avoid human- wildlife conflict
- 54What are some instrumental values of wildlife?economic, cultural, social, legal
- 55What are some costs of wildlife?crop-raiding, collisions with vehicles, predation, disease, overabundance
- 56What does coarse filter management focus on?one whole ecosystem or community: broad range of habitats such as parks or protected forests
- 57What is fine filter management?focus on one species at risk
- 58What graph is associated with lambda?geometric growth (discrete)
- 59what are the parameters of lambda?l=1 stable population
l>1 population increasing
l<1 population decreasing - 60what symbol is associated with exponential growth (instantaneous)?r
- 61what are the parameters for r?r=0 stable population
r>1 population is increasing
r<1 population is decreasing - 62What is the intrinsic rate of growth? (rmax)rate of an increasing population exponentially under optimal ecological conditions
- 63What is the difference between continuous and discrete growth?discrete is a change in intervals while continuous is a constant change
- 64what is the term associated with logistic growth?carrying capacity (S curve)
- 65What are deterministic factors of population change? non-randomhabitat quality, predation, disease, competition
- 66What is the term for random chance of population change?stochiasticity
- 67what are three non invasive mark recapture methods?hair snag, fecal DNA sampling, camera traps
- 68What motivates animals?having enough to eat(feeding), having someone to mate with (reproduction), avoiding getting eaten (predation)
- 69What is BMR?basal metabolic rate the energy expended during rest
- 70As BMR increases what else increases?body weight
- 71What types of animals are more efficient with energy conservation?Bigger animals
- 72what is the energy budget formula?energy consumed> metabolism+ waste
- 73What is the hierarchy of energy in food components molecules?lipids(fats)>proteins>carbs
- 74What is the difference between dispersal and dispersion?dispersal is the movement of an individual from their place of birth to their mating site, dispersion is the pattern of spatial distribution
- 75How do wild animals maintain territory?marking, display, aggression
- 76benefits of territorieslower chance of disease, easier to hide from predators, fewer individuals to compete with for resources
- 77consequences of territoriesconstantly fighting to keep territory, energy considerations
- 78Lekaggregation of males involved in the competition of displays
- 79Why do females choose specific mates?better support for offspring, better gene pool (chance of offspring survival), higher access to resources
- 80North American Model of WIldlife Conservation Pillars1. Wildlife as a public trust source
2. Elimination of markets for game
3. allocation of wildlife law
4. Kill only for a legitimate purpose
5. Wildlife as an international resource
6. Science-based wildlife policy
7. Democracy of wildlife hunting - 81What are some criticisms of NAM?No specifics on what was considered legitimacy for killing animals does not include anything on reptiles and amphibians, oversight on indigenous practices, favoured the white man
- 82What are some challenges of captive breeding programs?expensive, low survival in captivity, captive-born animals may not survive in the wild
- 83What are pathogens?disease-causing agents
- 84What is disease?debilitating affect of a pathogen
- 85what are two types of parasites?microparasites (viruses, fungi bacteria)
macroparasites (arthropods, tapeworms, nematodes) - 86what are some examples of animals carrying parasites?bats-white nose syndrome (fungi)
Bison and elk-Brucella abortus (bacteria)
humans-tapeworm - 87what is virulence?the severity of disease: parasite-induced loss of fitness
- 883 reasons why parasites kill hosts quicklykill: transmission works best by killing the current host
not dependent: the parasite does not depend on the host for transmission
evolution: host is not evolutionarily adept to parasite - 89what are two effects of parasites on populations?1. lower birth/increased death (reduced population growth rate)
2. act to regulate populations when they overshoot K - 90what influences disease spread populations?DVTR
1. density dependence(higher density = more interactions reduced resources)
2. Virulence, transmission rate and rate of recovery - 91what are two effects of parasites on communities?competition and predation
1. parasites alter competitive interactions between two species
2. reduce consumption by infected predators/herbivores allowing plants to increase - 92what is the major cause of emerging infectious diseases (EMIs)anthropogenic change
- 93what are three main pathways of infectionJUMP, TRANS, No DIRECT
1. jump from domestic animals to wildlife
2. human-caused translocation
no direct association
3. no direct association with humans or domestic animals (climate change) - 94what are zoonoses?diseases tranferred between humans and wildlife
- 95what are some examples of zoonoeses?West Nile, rabies, ebola, Lyme disease, giardia, rocky mountain fever
- 96why do wildlife managers care about disease?threatens populations viability, yield of harvest populations, transmission to humans or domestic animals
- 97what are managers' approaches to dealing with disease?- monitor wildlife health and opulation trends
- manage habitat to reduce disease risk
- remove pathogens
- void conditions that conduct disease spread
- culling
- immunization - 98what is an example of an exotic species that transfers disease to natives causing fatalities?Chytridiomycosis: carrier species do not die from it and it can spread to susceptible species (bullfrog)
- 99how is Brucella abortus transmitted between elk and bison?saliva on plants or licking infected fetal tissues
- 100What are four possible management options for disease spread?cull, vaccination, kill surplus individuals, let it be
- 101What is the small population paradigm more susceptible to?random events that causing devestating declines in population size
- 102what is the extinction vortex? as extinction risk accelerates what happens to populations?populations become smaller because of interactions and human reinforcement that drive down the population
- 103What is population viability analysis?application of data and models to estimate probability of a population persisting for a specified period of time
- 104What are some uses of PVA?- predicting extinction rates in the future
- determine how management actions affect viability
- understand why populations have declined or not recovered - 105What is the declining population paradigm?Identifications and management of NON RANDOM factors that depress demographic rate and cause population decline
- 106What are some human caused deterministic stressorshabitat loss, habitat fragmentation, climate change, pollution, invasive species, overharvest
- 107What is the summary of small vs declining population paradigmsforces driving population decline are not always the same forces driving them to extinction
management is is needed for both types o processes - 108What is the committee that assesses threatened species (COSEWIC)Committee the status of endangered wildlife in Canada
- 109what are the roles of COSEWIC- assess status of species that may be at risk and identify risks
- make assessments based n best knowledge available
- review status every 10 years or when status may ave changed
- provide advice annually on status to minister of environment and climate change
- communicate to public - 110Assessment Process for COSEWIC- identify species or assessment
- comission status eport
- review it
- conduct species assessment meeting - 111What is the science behind assessments?- documenting canadas species diversity
- understanding intraspecific diversity
- deciding which species need assessment
- using quantitative criteria to determine status
- quantitative analysis - 112what is a designable unit?recognizes populations geographic or genetic distinctiveness
- 113how is a threatened species federally threatened?COSEWIC status assessment
SARA listing process
Minister of environment - 114what are two species listed under SARA as endangered?greater sage grouse and Vancouver island Marmot
- 115what are the two general approaches to wildlife conservation?land sparing- separate land for nature protection from land for human uses
land sharing- manage human impacts o promote human wildlife coexistence - 116have the number of protected areas grown or shrunk over time?grown dramatically
- 117How much of Canadas terrestrial land is protected?11.7%
- 118what are the 6 problems with parks?1. Biased (not representative of broader biodiversity)
2. too small
3. too isolated
4. lack of enforcement
5. lack of community of support
6. overcrowded - 119what is a problem with reserve and bias?more charismatic megafauna get all the attention
- 120number of terrestrial protected areas increase or decrease as they get bigger?decrease
- 121Species- area relationship with species richnessspecies richness increases with area
- 122How does isolation affect wildlife in parks?high extinction rates
- 123What are the six systematic conservation planning methods?1. measure and biodiversity for planning
2. identify conservation goals
3. review existing reserves
4. select new reserves to fill gaps
5. implement conservation actions
6. sustained management nd monitoring of reserves - 124What are some limitations of the protected area strategy?lack of representatives, the limited area available, social and economic impediments, too small for mobile taxa, increasing isolation, conditions subject to change
- 125How do we maintain wildlife outside of reserves?managing of habitat and mortality
- 126What is habitat fragmentation?separation of large connected habitats causing habitat loss and isolation of smaller areas (islands)
- 127What are edges?the abrupt ends of forest are usually due to habitat fragmentation, the boundary between two biological communities
- 128what are edge effects?changes in populations or communities structure that occur at the boundary f two habitats
- 129What do edges do to interior and edge habitat species?interior species decrease while edge species increase
- 130what are examples of edge sensitive species?primates (medium-sized mammals), amphibians, reptiles, specialists
- 131What are some ways to manage negative edge effects?habitat corridors decreased fragmentation, create soft edges (habitat transition areas), create buffer zones with special management, preserve larger patches f high quality habitat
- 132how does fragmentation reduce connectivity?creating obstacles and edges that isolate species to small habitat islands
- 133local populations require an exchange of dispersing individuals, what are three factors supporting this?increased migration, maintain genetic diversity, recolonization after local patch extinction
- 134why do wide-ranging species require access to multiple habitat patches?foraging, breeding, security
- 135How are wildlife corridors and landscape linkages useful?they can reinstate migration among species in smaller islands creating more connection on a large habitat scale (promote movement between patches)
- 136what are some risks of wildlife corridors and landscape linkages?invasive species, predators
- 137What are the main causes of mortality in North American populations of large and medium-sized mammal populations?Humans, hunting, vehicle collisions
- 138what effects do roads have on wildlife?direct mortality, habitat fragmentation, stress, abnormal behaviours, barriers, pollution, invasive species
- 139what are some tools used to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions?barriers around the forest that are next to roads, wildlife life overpasses, soft edges, tunnels, elevated roads, vegetation removal
- 140what are two examples of primary human-wildlife conflict?poaching, economic loss (crop-raiding, cattle killed by predators), human safety
- 141Management options to mitigate human-wildlife conflict?fertility control, education, translocation, habitat manipulation
- 142what are five common practices in conservation biology?captive breeding programs, mark/recapture techniques, culling, harvesting, reintroduction
- 143What are the 10 species specialist groups for COSEWIC?amphibians and reptiles, arthropods, birds, freshwater fish, marine fish, marine mamals molluscs, mosses and lichens, terrestrial mammals, vascular plants
- 144What is the quantitative criteria COSEWIC uses to assess status of a species?range size, population abundance, genetic diversity, extinction risk
- 145Why hasn't Canada effectively protected its species at risk?SARA applies to federal land and water (1% of BC), BC lacks a law specific to protecting species at risk, little funding directed to action, delays in listing, failure to work across jurisdictions
- 146what are five of the types of protected areas?strict nature reserve, wilderness area, national park, natural monument, habitat species management area
- 147How much of BC is protected area?15%
- 148What were some coexistence strategies used in bow valley?attractant removal (garbage, fruit), aversive conditioning (flagging down elk to scare them away from schools), wildlife corridors, control human use, educate people
- 149What is wildlife harvest? give examplesremoval of animals from a population by humans. hunting, , trapping, culling
- 150Why do humans harvest wildlife?recreation, food, cultural traditions, fur, trophies, control human-wildlife conflict, reduce overabundant populations
- 151why is harvest management important?to avoid overharvesting (extinction), promote social benefits (wildlife as a natural resource), maintain ecosystem functions
- 152what are the goals of sustainable harvest?ensuring that the number of individuals harvested do not exceed the number of individuals new to the population
- 153What is the maximum sustainable yield?the max point on a yield or recruitment curve
- 154what is a yield or recruitment curve?an upsidedown u shaped curve with annual recruitment (yield)/ population size (N), the x-axis starts at 0 and goes to carrying capacity (K)
- 155What is the importance of the max yield?the population size below the max has a high growth rate enabling the population to bounce back from harvesting, however, if a certain amount of harvested individuals is reached and goes past the max there will be a drop off in growth rate which will cause a decline in the species population.
- 156What is a fixed-quota harvest?a straight horizontal line on the graph that sets the number of harvestable individuals. harvesting individuals based on fixed-quota harvest can reach a stable equilibrium unless the rise is higher than the run leading the species to extinction.
- 157Why is it a bad idea to harvest near the max sustainable yield?1. population size is hard to know with certainty
2. recruitment is hard to estimate
3. carrying capacity is variable, not constant - 158what is a fixed-effort harvest?a diagonal line that keeps harvesting population stable when below max intrinsic rate of growth
- 159How is the level of harvesting effort controlled?# of hunters, # of animals killed per hunter, length of hunting season
- 160What is a population management unit?spatial scale at which a given big game population will be managed for hunting
- 161What are some tools used for managing hunting and trapping?timing and duration of hunting season, regulations of which areas are open to hunting, restrictions on sex and age of game, weapon restrictions
- 162Five species hunted in BC?mule deer, white-tailed deer, mountain goats, black bear, cougar
- 163five species trapped for fur?lynx, bobcat, wolf, mink, river otter
- 164What are the four types of uncertainty in resource management?ecological or structural uncertainty, environmental variation, partial controllability, partial observability
- 165What is adaptive management?a combination of management and experiment. A hypothesis that is testable against alternative hypotheses (quantitative and measurable)
- 166What are the key elements in experimental management?well formulated objectives and or testable question, controls, replication, randomization
- 167What does the BACI design (gold standard) stand for?before vs. after control vs. impact
- 168What were the results of removing barred owls from location with spotted owls?Before: removal all areas with both species showed similar trends
after: control: spotted owl populations continued to decline in areas with barred owls
after: impact: survival of spotted owls increased in areas where barred owls were removed - 169What are the four elements of structured decision making?1. explicit statement of objectives
2. set of available management actions
3. models of system response
4. monitoring program to estimate system state - 170What is the equation for production function?income– (geographical factors+social factors+wildlife diversity)
- 171In the Namibia conservancy what are two main sources of income from wildlife?hunting and tourism
- 172What makes large carnivores vulnerable?low density, slow life history, large area requirements, conflicts with humans, difficult to survey
- 173What are the main causes of lion endangerment in West Africa?habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, bushmeat hunting, trophy hunting, traditional uses
- 174How is lion conservation being promoted in West Africa?lion guardian program and fencing
- 175List all of the bear speciessun bear, panda bear, brown bear, black bear, grizzly bear, polar bear, sloth bear, spectacled bear
- 176Why was the grizzly bear hunt considered sustainable?proportions of males killed did not decline over time, densities in unhunted populations similar to hunted areas, most hunted populations not declining
- 177What are the four caribou ecotypes in BC?Boreal, northern mountain, Southern mountain (northern and southern group)
- 178Why are caribou populations declining?disturbance mediated apparent competition: moose and white-tailed deer have increased in population sizes due to climate change and increased edges, causing an increase in wolf populations to hunt caribou
- 179What are the four best methods for recovering caribou?increase caribou protection, increase habitat protection and restoration, reduce wolf and primary prey populations
- 180What is currently being done to help restore the caribou population?camera trap data, barriers for wolves in grounds where caribou live, habitat restoration in critical areas, wolf culling, maternal penning and supplemental feeding, restoring seismic lines to protect caribou from wolves
- 181What is currently known about caribou?1. BC and AB have a diversity of caribou most declining
2. priority is being given to short term management strategies
3. necessary progress on long term habitat recovery
4. need adaptive management - 182Two eyed seeingyou can see the world from a much better lens using a combination of a western view and a nonwestern indigenous view
- 183What is an example of when two-eyed seeing was used?elders went to scientists and told them that there were two different types of wolves within BC interior and coastal
- 184What is evidence of rapid climate change?global temperature rise, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, more frequent extreme events, shrinking ice sheets, decreased snow cover, ocean acidification
- 185what does a changing climate mean for wildlife?adapt, move, or die
- 186What is phenologystudy of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how they are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate
- 187what are the two main predictions for how wildlife will react to climate change?1. species will shift their ranges poleward or up in elevation
2. species will shift their phenology earlier to coincide with earlier warmer springs - 188What are some examples of geographic range shifts due to climate change?63% of 35 butterfly species shifted ranges north by 35- 240 km
- 189WHat are range contractions?the dissapearance of a species from its usual home range
- 190How does range contraction due to climate change affect small mammal populations?causes loss of genetic diversity and increased fragmentation leading to smaller isolated populations
- 191Why are heat-sensitive species especially vulnerable to climate change?temperatures are rising at a higher rate in northern zones forcing species in these areas to travel further northward, this is very costly energy wise, temperatures are also more variable which can be costly energy wise as well
- 192What is a phenological mismatch? give an example, and what the effects arewhen interacting species change the timing of repeated phases of their life cycles at different rates, migratory birds return before plants are available for feeding, this can a negative for mutual relationships and negative and positive for parasite relationships
- 193How does later snowmelt affect hibernating populations?late snowmelt means hibernators come out later in the season meaning less time for them to reproduce and stock up on stored food for the next hibernating season leading to less reproductive success and survival rates
- 194How can wildlife be managed in changing climates?1. prioritizing vulnerable species
2. protect habitat that species are shifting towards
3. increase connectivity to allow climate tracking migration
4. assisted migration for isolated species
5. maintain genetic diversity
6. monitoring to identify unexpected changes - 195How do we bend the curve of terrestrial biodiversity?increased conservation efforts, more sustainable production, more sustainable consumption
- 196What is restoration ecology?process of developing theory to guide restoration and using restoration to advance ecology
- 197what is ecological restoration?practice of resorting degraded ecological systems
- 198What are reference conditions?the biotic and abiotic conditions to which we wish to restore an ecosystem
- 199What are the issues with picking reference conditions?lack of good historical information, natural systems are dynamic, hard to know if historical conditions will persist the same in current ecosystem (climate change), will modern societies accept historical conditions
- 200What is Pleistocene rewilding?the idea of bringing back all of the larger terrestrial mammals that existed during the Pleistocene era
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- Flashcards on FRST 395 Final Exam, created by jenny goren on 30/11/2021.
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