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Flashcards by pancakejoe125, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Covalent Bond | Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
| Ionic Bond | Any 2 ions of opposite charge |
| When an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally | Polar Covalent |
| Attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom | Hydrogen Bond |
| Cohesion | Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together |
| Hydrophilic | Loves Water |
| Hydrophobic | Hates Water |
| Dissolving agent of a solution | Solvent |
| liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or ore substances | solution |
| Substance that is being dissolved | Solute |
| pH of Acid | Ranges 0-6 |
| pH of Base | Ranges 8-14 |
| compounds formed by ionic bonds | Ionic compound |
| Isomers | Compounds have the same number of atoms of the same element, but different structures and properties |
| Enzymes | specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions |
| Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with a loss of a water molecule | Dehydration reaction |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and polymers of sugar |
| Monosaccharides | generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple unit CH20(carbon water). Glucose is the most common. |
| Disaccharides | 2 monosaccrides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
| Glycogen | polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but extensively branced. |
| Saturated fatty acid | fatty acid saturated with Hydrogen. |
| Unsaturated fats | Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded Carbon. |
| 3 Domains 4 Kingdoms | Domains: Eukaryotes, Archaea, and Bacteria Kingdoms: Animalia, Fungi, Proteins, and Plants |
| Neutral solution | H+ (acid), OH- (Base) = 10^-7 = Ph of 7 |
| Stanley Miller | Try to reanact in lab what the anicent world world would be like. He was able to get Organic molecules from InOrganic molecules |
| 7 Function Groups with Carbon | 1. Hydroxyl (OH) 2. Carbonyl 3.Carboxyl 4. Amino (Acts as a base) 5. Sulphydryl 6. Phosphate 7. Methyl |
| Lipids | 1. Fatty Acids 2. Steriods 3. Phospholipids |
| Fatty Acids | Long Carbon skeleton; Carbon at the end of the skeletol part is part of the Carboxyl group |
| Phospholipids | Phosphate group attached to the last Carbon. Commonly found in cell membrane in hydrophylic head and hydrophobic tail. Both are called Amphipatic |
| Steriods | Cholestrol; 4 Carbon rings, joined to something. |
| How many Amino Acids? | 20 Amino Acids |
| Primary Sructure of Protein | Protein is linked series of amino acids with a unquie sequence. |
| Secoundary Structure of Protein | results of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide bond. |
| Teritary Structure of Protein | Overall shape of polypeptitde resulting from interactions between the sire chain (Rgroup) of the various amino acids |
| Quaterary Structure of Protein | Structure results from the aggegation of the polypeptitdes sub unit |
| Protein Synthesis Process | DNA (store in nucleues, get message synthesize) > RNA (Takes place in cytoplasm of cell) > Proteins |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Lacking a true nucleus and the other membrane. |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Most of the DNA is in the nucleus |
| Nuclear Envelope | Encloses the nucleus, seperating it from the cytoplasm |
| Nuclear Lamnia | Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. |
| Nucleolus | Prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus. |
| Ribosomes | Complexes made of Ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular compents that carry out protein synthesis |
| Endomembrane system | different membranes in Eukaryotic cells: Nucleus envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network of membranes that it account for more than half of the total membrane in Eukaryotic cells |
| Smooth ER & Rough ER | Smooth - Synthesis of Lipids, Metabolism of Carbohydrates, detox of posions and drugs, and storage of calcium ions Rough - Many cells secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing. flattened membranous sacs. |
| Lysosome | Membrane sac of Hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules. |
| Mitochondria | the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extrating energy from sugar, fats, and other fuels. |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. |
| Microfilaments | Thin solid rods. Built from molecules of actin, a globular protein. |
| Pseudophodia | Cell crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions. |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |
| Selective permiability | Decideds what goes in and what goes out |
| Fibronectin | Protein on the outside that connect to transmembrane (communicate) |
| Functions of membrane proteins | Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, etc. |
| Transport proteins | Go all the way through the membrane |
| Diffusion | Movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into avaliable space |
| Hypotonic, isotonic, and Hypotonic (In a animal cell) | Hypo - lysed (explode) Hyper - shrivel Iso - normal |
| Hypotonic, isotonic, and Hypotonic In a plant cell | Hypo - turgid (normal) Hyper - plasmolyzed Iso - flaccid |
| Osmoregulation | Controls the solute concentrations and water balance |
| Facilitated diffusion | When polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipids bilateral of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane |
| Active transport | Movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration. |
| Passive transport | Substances diffuse spontaneously down their concentration gradients, crossing a membrane with no expenditure of energy by the cells |
| Exocytosis | Cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane |
| Cotransport | Active transport driven by a concentration gradient |
| Tonicity | Ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water |
| Discovery science is primarily based on | Observation |
| What is a Hypothesis? | Tentative explination |
| How does hypothesis differ from theory? | Theories are more comprehensive than hypothesis |
| Hydrogen and Oxygen are held together by___ | Covalent Bonds |
| Temperature usually increases when water condenses. What type of behavior is this? | release of heat by formation of hydrogen bonds |
| Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because ___ | bonds hold ___ atoms in a water of polar covalent bonds |
| Water freezes | atoms move farther apart |
| Why are Carbohydrates insoluble in water? | Majority of their bonds are nonpolar |
| What is the best way to make a molecules less acidic? | - add Amino (it accepts hydrogen) |
| Compounds contains Hydroxyl groups as predominat function group. What is true concerning compound? | It should dissolve in water |
| What is Saturated fats? | fats saturated with Hydrogen |
| Galactose is a ____. | Monomer |
| quaternary structure of a protein | Composed of 2 or more polypeptide chains |
| Eukaryotic cells | DNA > RNA > Proteins |
| If cell lysosomes burst, the cell will | digest itself |
| Which part of the cell is considered the shipping department of a company? | Golgi Apparatus |
| What is the name given to organelles that manufacture components of Ribosomes? | Nucleolus |
| A cell that has a Cell Wall and a Nucleus is? | A plant cell |
| Which of the following types of molecules are major structural components of a Cell Membrane? | Phospholipids and proteins |
| Hypotonic solution in an animal cell will | Lyse |
| What kind of molecules pass through a cell membrane easily? | Small and Hydrophobic |
| Which statement is correct about diffusion? | Passage Process |
| Isotopes of atoms differ in their number of ___ | Neutrons |
| An integral membrane protein would be | Amphipathic |
| What Molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides (proteins) | Amino Acids, Amino groups, and Carboxylic (i think its Carboxylic? or Carboxyl) |
| Impossible covalently bonded molecules |
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