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Flashcards by nia.long1226, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by nia.long1226
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Basic Issues in Development | -continuous or discontinuous -multidimensional -plastic -lifelong -Nature vs. Nurture |
| Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic theory | -Id: pleasure principle, irrational, seek instant gratification -Ego: reality principle, mediates Id and reality -Superego: morality principle, personal conscious, personal ideals |
| Sigmund Freud Psychosexual stages | -oral(0-18mon): centered on mouth -anal(18-36mon):focus on bowel/ bladder elimination -phallic(3-6yrs):focus on genitals -latency(6-puberty):sexual dormancy -genital(puberty-on):sexual feelings towards others |
| Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning | -technique used in behavioral training in which a stimulus is paired with a response -learning involuntary emotional and psychological response to new stimuli |
| B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning | -focused on voluntary behavior and how new behavior is acquired -changes in the behavior is the outcome of an individual responding to occurrences in the environment -when a stimulus- response pattern is reinforced, the individual is conditioned to respond in a certain manner. |
| Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory | -social behavior is learned through observing and imitating others -learning occurs through modeling -four interacting mental processes must occur 1. attention 2.memory 3.motor control 4.motivation |
| Jean Piaget Theory of cognitive development | -Assimilation: the child takes in new info and incorporates them into his existing ideas (schema) -Accommodation: ideas are changed or even replaced based on new info |
| Lev Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory | -Learning involves: social interaction,cultural and psychological tools, zone of proximal development -parents and teachers are vital |
| Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development | -focus on moral development -reason behind decision to moral development -make judgments based on ethical beliefs |
| Urie Bronfenbrenner Ecological System theory | -Layers on the environment: 1. Microsystem: direct contact 2. Mesosystem: Family, school 3. Exosystem: indirect contact 4. Macrosystem: Cultural context -Chronosystem: Temporal Dimension- Divorce, death, birth of sibling |
| Genetics | study of heredity |
| Mendelian Law of inheritance | how heredity characteristics are passed from parent to child |
| The Dominant/ Recessive Principle | -inheritance pattern -dominant= trait child will have -recessive=may or may not have it both parents must have recessive gene for child to have it. -disabilities and diseases stem from recessive trait |
| Identical twins: Monozygotic | result when a single zygote separates to form two individuals -identical DNA and blood types -always the same sex share the same placenta |
| Fraternal Twins: Dizygotic | -results from release and fertilization of two ova; zygote separates to form two individuals -2 separate eggs -separate sperm -like regular siblings -often different sexes -separate placentas -don't share amniotic sac -hereditary influences |
| Genetic Inheritance Diseases | -Sickle Cell Anemia -Hemophilia -PKU -Tay-Sachs -Fragile X-Syndrome |
| Sickle cell Anemia | -Genetic hemoglobin abnormality - both parents must have trait -often results in hospitilization for blood transfusion, pain management, and folic acid vitamins -bone marrow transplant and stem transplant can cure disease |
| Hemophilia | -no clotting activity -X chromosome carries disease -Males will always get it -Females are often carriers because they have 2 X chromosomes |
| PKU | -neurological dysfunction in babies - patients are put on a special diet for the rest of their lives |
| Tay- Sachs | -Jewish population -both parents pass it -don't live past 4 or 5 -lots of pain -no cure just comfort management |
| Fragile X Syndrome | -Passed by female -demonstrated in males -long face -learning disabilities |
| Chromosomal Avbnormalities | -Down syndrome -Klinefelter syndrome -Turner syndrome |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | -not recognized until adolescence -x and y chromosomes -usually only have two sex chromosomes -adds an extra x chromosome (xxy or xxx) -interfere with male sexual development -Delay speech and can cause infertility |
| Turner Syndrome | -Only have one chromosome or its structurally altered -female egg cells die prematurely -girls don't hit puberty - cause infertility -may have learning disability |
| Prenatal Diagnostic Methods | -Amniocentesis: detect genetic disorders -Chorionic villus sampling: detect genetic concern 10-12 weeks -Fetoscopy -ultrasound -maternal blood analysis -ultra-fast magnetic resonance imaging -preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
| Small Family System | -one -three children -group action is democratic -have greater freedom -retain emotional dependence on parents - increase pressure to perform academically -increase notion of self importance |
| Large Family system | -4 or more children -learn responsibility -learn to share -more to love and be loved by -divide more attention among more kids -financial burden -focus on group rather than individual |
| Only Child | -Lots of pressure from parents to be perfect -not many friends -Relate more to parents than other kids -not much peer interaction -Strong morals |
| Health Promotion organizations and initiatives | -World Health Organization (WHO): protect heath of everyone -Healthy people 2020 initiative: vision is a society in which people live long healthy lives; 1200 objectives -American Nurses Association (ANA): protect patience, set up policies in healthcare (health care reform) -Sigma Theta Tau, International: honors society, support learning, knowledge and professionalize or nurses. -NAMI: Help better lives for people with mental illnesses |
| Definition of Health | -State of well being -state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not just absence of disease |
| two terms most commonly used to measure health | -Morbidity: prevalence of disease -Mortality: Death |
| Health Promotion | -empowers individuals and communities to engage healthier behavior |
| Disease prevention | -focus on prevention strategies to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and other morbidities |
| primary prevention | preventing or decreasing the probability of occurrence of mental illness, health threatening situations, event or illness in the population |
| Secondary Prevention | -after illness has begun or high risk factor -screening and early diagnosis -treating problem promptly -shortening duration or severity or consequences |
| Tertiary Prevention | -Restoring person to optimum function -include long term treatment and rehab -preventing further progression of complications or deterioration -Maximize quality of life |
| Effective communication Techniques | -intro: use proper salutations -use attentive skills/active listening:patience, do they have your attention -Open ended questions: let them explain -share observations with client: ask whats wrong -clarification: tell them what u heard -summarizing:validate accuracy -use of silence |
| Barriers to effective Communication | -never ask "Why" questions: get defensive -don't convey your feelings of anxiety or anger toward another -never give advice -offering false reassurance -not paying attention -avoid medical jargon: using medical words -belittling or ignoring the persons feelings |
| Theories of Stress and Crisis | -Stress: Physical and emotional state always present in a person -Eustress: positive stress, excited stress -Daily hassle: repeated chronic strains of everyday life -distress: negative, noxious, unpleasant stress that can damage your health (problems sleeping, headaches, chest pain, heart attack, death) |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | -Alarm Stage: instantaneous, short term, feel helpless or insecure -Resistance: body's way of adapting to disequilibrium or imbalance caused by stressor -Exhaustion: will precipitate or exacerbate every disease and increase susceptibility to disease. |
| Crisis Theory | -inability to cope -Developmental crisis: Maturational, Erikson stages of development -Situational Crisis: Emerges when an uncontrollable even occurs (earthquake, new baby, death, divorce) |
| CM/AT | -Complementary Medicine: is used together with conventional medicine -Alternative medicine: is used in place of conventional medicine |
| CM/AT in Health Care | -be familiar with therapies -assess client's knowledge about therapies -assist client to gain access to understanding about therapy or qualification of therapist -encourage client not to substitute therapies for necessary conventional treatment |
| Culture | -sum of learned ways of doing, feeling and thinking within a social group includes knowledge, belief, skills, morals, laws and customs -learned with stable but changing certain components and patterns |
| Cultural take on illnesses | -natural:weather, food, bad water -supernatural:god, demons, being punished for wrong doing, voodou, black magic -metaphysical:nature and body aren't balanced -cultural bound illnesses: disorders restricted to a particular culture because or a certain psychosocial characteristic of people(going postal:US,falling out Caribbean, susto: Latino) |
| Mainstream US culture and health care | -illness requires resources -self-care is emphasized -individual health highly valued -physical, psychological, and sociocultural causes accepted -focus on technology, prevention programs, client evaluation, evidence based outcomes |
| Significance in American Indian Culture | -Value Nature -health is neglected because family comes first -don't trust white medicine -spiritual leaders/ healers |
| Significance in African American Culture | -Illness is lack of balance between mind, body and spirit. -god and and church leaders are key factors -health is maintained through rest, food, prayer, herbs -live with health disparities -economics play a big role in lack of medical attention -in favor of prolonged treatments natural flow of emotions -home remedies -degraded in health care |
| Significance in Latino culture | -good health associated with the ability to work -preventative measure not highly valued -hot and cold theory -fear accidents and surgery -male determines treatment -curandero/ cultural healer -preventative measures are unfaithful to God -illegally here -lack insurance -believe you should tolerate pain without complaint |
| Significance of Asian American Culture | -strongly reflect mind, body spirit emphasis on diet, fitness, self- discipling -minimie injury and illness -prone to depression, stress, and stomach cancer -acknowledge supernatural cause of illness -herbal treatments -always stay calm when expressing pain (silent delivery) -dont give direct eye contact-disrespectful |
| What is Culture shock | feeling bewilderment, confusion, disorganization, frustration and the inability to adapt to differences in language and word meaning, activities and customs that are part of the new culture |
| what are the 4 phases of culture shock | -honeymoon phase: excited to be in new place -disenchantment phase: stuck, not what you predicted -beginning resolution phase: adapt, make friends -effective function phase: becomes bicultural |
| Antidote for Culture shock | -look for similarities -be interested in new culture -ask questions -learn language -seek support system -learn customs and beliefs |
| Holistic Care | treating the biological, psychological, sociocultural and spiritual dimensions of the person |
| Whats the difference between Religion and Spirituality? | -Religion is a belief in a supernatural or divine force with a code of ethics, a set of practices that are followed and has a church affiliation -Spirituality includes reverence, awe, meaning and purpose which usually sustains during stress, illness, or death |
| What is some of the relate research for religion and spirituality with heathcare | -Religious belief foster recovery and prevent mortality -religion and healing -church attendance adds years to life: white attendance added 7 years of life and black attendance added 14 years of life -power of positive spiritual thinking -negative thoughts -heightened spiritual needs: heightens trust when u are sensitive to patients spiritual needs along with increasing peace and decreasing anxiety |
| What is the Alpha group | -adhere to biblical revelation of supernatual - monotheistic God -obey commands -people are doers - have historical fixed scriptures -often proselytize -christian,judaism, Islam -try to get others to join |
| what is the Beta Group | -root in Indian soil -polytheistic -interested in being rather than doing -look inside themselves for answers -include Buddhism and hinduism |
| what is the Gamma Group | -east asia rooted -polytheistic -try to be in harmony with the world around them -concern is in relationship with others -scripture is a family affair -simple in faith -include Taoism, Confucianism and shintoism |
| Catholics in healthcare | -would want priest to visit and receive communion -spiritual leader is priest -symbols of comfort or bibles, rosary, crucifx -dont eat meat during lent -7 sacraments: baptism, communion, confirmation, holy orders, matrimony, penence, anointing of the sick |
| protestants in healthcare | -many denominations: Lutheran, presbyterians, methodists, baptists -minister is spiritual leader -spiritual practices may include scripture reading, prayer, anointing, and the eucharist |
| Judaism and healthcare | -during sabbath, Orthodox Jews may refuse freshly cooked food, medicine, treatment, surgery, or technology -need kosher food -pork, shellfish and dairy with meat are forbidden --cant leave bedside of dying person -rabbi is leader -obligation to visit sick -see health professionals as instruments of God -wont touch money, elevators or bed is electronic -need non pork based insulin |
| Muslims and healthcare | -dont eat anything pork related -believe there is a cure for every illness -after death body must be washed with running water by a Muslim and the hands folded in prayer. Body wrapped and buried facing Mecca -Allah is their God -do not perform autopsies unless necessary |
| Buddists and health care | -accept modern medical science -care of the sick -vegetarian -rebirth after death depending on quality of life -elderly are encouraged to prepare for rebirth -conduct elaborate rites -keep well family member at bedside -dont do elaborate life saving measures -having an alert mind and not being in pain before death -no physical contact with opposite sex if nun or monk |
| Hindus and health care | -accept modern medical science -pain and sin cause illness -strive for moderation in eating and exercise -vegetaians -prayer to cure the body is the lowest prayer -marriage is for life -elders are respected, cared for when they are ill -the most expressive and universal word for God is Om -sickness due to karma prefer to die at home -want face towards light and east -sing, chant and read scriptures -no life saving measures |
| Taoism/confusianism/shinto and Healthcare | -idea that yin-yang forces embodied in body parts and affect food prefernces and eating habits -yin:cold, feminine or negative, wet, passive -yang: hot, masculine or positive, dry, active, restful, dark -relaxed philosophy of life -death is natural -special ceremonies or rules for family left behind |
| significance for Church of Latter Day Saints | -Morman -no polygamy -obey health codes -good nutrition -people get sick -faith keeps you happy -fewer die of cancer, heart disease or system faliure |
| significance of Christian Scientists | -don't take medicine -sickness can be healed through prayer rather than medicine |
| significance of Jehovahs Witnesses | -Dont do blood transfusions unless its their own blood |
| significance of the Amish/ Mennonite | -high pain tolerance -genetic disorders -mental retardation -Coine syndrome -founders effect -incest -no electricity -marry within community and are often related and are aware of it |
| Difference between Agnostic and Atheist | -Agnostics are unsure of what they believe and if God exists -Atheists have no belief in God, reject all religious beliefs, and are relatively close minded |
| what is a cult | -any group that forms around a person who claims they have a special mission -self appointed leader -recruit people using physical and psychological techniques -prey on youth and elderly -isolate people from their family -cant question leader -impose rigid beliefs -use extreme emotional manipulation -members are suppose to relinquish money and material items to leader - have medical and psychological problems |
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