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Flashcards

PSYCH chapter 14 to 16

Rebecca Redd English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1Intimacy versus isolatoin; Erikson's early adulthood stage- in which an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends in order to aovid social isolation
    - successful resolution of the intimacy versus isolation stage depends on a good resolution of the identity versus role confusion crisis encountered in adolesence.
  2. 2Intimacy- the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship, without losing one's own sense of self. Women see self-disclosure as essential to intimacy.
  3. 3what did Erikson predict about individuals who reached early adulthood without having established a sense of identity?- That it would be incapable of intimacy.
    - That is such young adults would be, in a sense, predestined to social isolation.
  4. 4women and disclosure- intimacy is bound up with self-disclosure. Women who are involved with a partner who does not reveal much that is personal percieves the relationship as lacking in intimacy
  5. 5Men and disclosure- don't see self-disclosure as essential to intimacy.
    - Consequently, many men are satisfied with relationships that their female partners see as inadequate.
  6. 6What is Levinson's life structure?-life structure is a key concept in Levinson's theory
    - the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time, which includes roles, relationships, and behavior patterns
  7. 7Do adults cycle through periods of stability and instability?YES
  8. 8How many phases do adults pass through when new lifestructure is required?- three
  9. 91. novice phas-adjusting to adulthood (17-40)
  10. 102. mid-era phase;- increase in competence (40-60)
  11. 113. Culumination phase;- successfully managing demands (60+)
  12. 12a growing number of developmentalists view which period as a transitional one?- ages 17 and 22
    - this is due to educational, social, and economic demands that modern cultures make on individuals.
  13. 13What is jeffery Marnett'ss theory?- emerging adulthood is the period from which late teens to early 20s when individuals explore options prios to committing to adult roles.
  14. 14What does Jeffery Arnett argure about emerging adulthood?- not a universal phase of development
    - arises in cultures when individuals into their late teens.
    - Face a wide array of choices about the occupational and social roles they will occupy in adulthood.
  15. 15what type of studies have porvided some support fort the notion theat emerging adulthood is a unique period of life?- neruoimaging
  16. 16what do these studies sugges?- that the parts of the brain that underlie rational decision making, impules control, and self-regulation mature during these years
  17. 17what is the result in the early phase of life?- individuals make poorer decisions about matters such as risky behaviors (unprotected sex) than they do when these brain areas reach full maturity in the early to mid 20's.
  18. 18developmental taskts of emerging adulthood; what are the five domains?- academic (acquired in high school, just as helpful as in college)
    -friendship; are the same in both periods
    - conduct; adapting to rules is highly similar as well
  19. 19what are characteristics of emerging adulthood/ (17 to 25)- age of identity exploration
    - age of instability
    - age of self-focus
    - age of feeling in-between adolescenc and adulthood
    - Age of possibilities
  20. 20Working self- most young people need to take on this role to support themselves economically.
    - satisfying work also seems to be an important ingredient in mental health and life satisfaction, for both men and women
  21. 21How does family influence choosing an occupation?- young people tend to choose occupations at the same general social class level as those of their parents.
    - this effect is perpetuated through the medium of education. families also influence job choices throught their value system.
  22. 22which gender is more enrolled in all major fields of study except for those related to computer sciences and enigeering?- more women than men
  23. 23has the gap between womens and mens income been declining steadily?- yes
  24. 24What is true about personaliities and choosing a job?- people tend to choose and be most successful at an occupation that matches their personality
    - people whose personalities match their jobs are more likely to be satisified with their work.
  25. 25Hollands personality types and work preerences' realistic- aggressive, masculine, physically strong, often with low verbal or interpersonal skills.
    -Prefer mechanical acitivies and tool use, choosing jobs as a mechanic, electrician, surveyor
  26. 26investiagtive- oriented toward thinking (particularly abstract thinking), organizing, and planning, prefer ambiguous, challenging tasks but are now low in social skills; often scientists or engineers
  27. 27artistic- social, prefer unstructured, highly individual activity, are often artists
  28. 28Social- extraverts, people oriented, sociable, and attention seeking, avoid intellectual activity and dislike highly ordered activity.
    -Prefer to work with people, choosing service jobs such as nursing and education
  29. 29Enterprising- highly verbal and dominating, enjoy organizing and directing others. Are persuasive and strong leaders, often choosing career in sales
  30. 30Conventional- prefer structured activities and subordinate roles, like clear guidelines and see themselves as accurate and precise, may choose occupations such as book keeping or filing.
  31. 31What is career development?- the process of adapting to the workplace, managing career transitions, and pursuing goals through employment
  32. 32Super stage of career development GrowthAGE; birth to 14 years old
    - learn about one's own abilities and interests.
  33. 33ExploratoryAGE; 15 to 24
    -Decided on a job or career
  34. 34Establishment/stabilizationAGE; 25 to 45
    - Improve upon skills for his choosen career; fulfill goals and aspirations.
  35. 35MaintenanceAGE; 45 to retirement
    - protect and maintain the gains made in her careers
  36. 36When is job satisfaction at its lowest?- mid-career (toward the end of early adulthood)
  37. 37Who has a higher sense of life and career satisfaction by midlife?- those with higher occupational status and income
  38. 38how many canadian families with at least one child have 2 employed parnets, the majority of whom are btoh working full-time?- 7/10
  39. 39What do the majority of canadian parents report about their work-life lanance?- they are satisfied wiht their work-life balance
  40. 406 quality indicators captured by work satisfaction?- prospects, work intensity, working-time quality, skills and discretion, social environment, and income benefits.
  41. 41What is job sastisfaction impacted by?- perceptions of job security
    - Perceptions of the career as consistent with personality
    - achieving work-family balance
  42. 42average amount of time it takes to transition form school to full-time work?- 7 years
  43. 43what does the transitional delay mean?- young men are economically worse off in comparison to men of previous generations
  44. 44WOmen and moving in and out of the workplace- great majority of women move in and out of the work force at least once, often may times
  45. 45Women, motherhood and salaries- women who work continuously or delay motherhood have higher salaries and achieve higher levels in their jobs than do those who move in and out of employment
  46. 46U shaped relationship between age and leisure time..- with parents reporting less leisure time than average
  47. 47Development in the real workd; strategies for coping with conflict between work anfd family life;- 3/4 of parents are satisfied with their work-life balance, although those witha a partner have hgiher satisfaction rates than single parents
    - women experience the greatest role conflict.
    - strategies for work life balance; cogntive restirciting; recasting or reframing the situation in a way the identifeis the positive elements; redefining family roles, better organization
  48. 48facts about intimate relationships- marriages in canada are starting to mirror our sociodemographic diversity
    - In addition to the legalization of same-sex marriages, we’ve seen a dramatic increase in mixed unions among those with differing sociodemographic and cultural characteristics.
    - Internet relationships have added a whole new dimensions to courtship and dating.
  49. 49Evolutionary theories-often cite research on sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior to support their views
  50. 50what do men prefer?-prefer physically attractive, younger women (as a mother, she will live long enough to raise his children)
  51. 51what do women look for?- look for men with higher socioeconomic status, offering earning potential and stability, the man can provide for his family
  52. 52Parental investment theory;- Says that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are based on the difference amounts of time an effort men and women must invest in child-rearing.
  53. 53Social role theory;the idea that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are adaptations to gender roles.
  54. 54how to mate prefernences change?- Mate preferences change as women gain economic power.
    - Women emphasis on potential mates earning power declines
    - Men’s focus on potential mates domestic skills decreases
  55. 55Assortative mating (homogamy- the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to ones own.
    - People are drawn to those who are of a similar age, education, social class, ethnic group membership, religion, attitudes, interests, and temperament.
  56. 56Bio-behavioral measures;-social behavior, heart rate, hormone release, and brain to brain synchrony
  57. 57Bio-behavioral synchrony-is believed to have evolved for its species survivability value, and many studies show the long-term similarity between parent-infant attachment synchrony and later attachments in adulthood.
  58. 58what neuroimaging techniques are used to measure the structural and functional brain correlates of attachment processes- fMRI and EEF
  59. 59What type of imaging is used to predict h socioemotionally closeness or distance?- fMRI imaging
    - close friends display exceptionally similar neural responses in specific brain regions in comparison to those who are acquaintances and strangers
  60. 60parent-infant and romantic couple bonds share what?- bonds that share much of the same neural architecture and physiology.
    - Dopamine (feel good) and oxytocin (love/comfort)
  61. 61What does EEF scan show?- there is greater neuro-synchrony among couples and close friends than there is among strangers
  62. 62Social synchrongy- can be measured by nonverbal social cues such as eye gaze and positive emotional respose, which are first used in parent-infant pairs to strenghten social bonding
  63. 63What are psychological aspects of marriage?- average first marriage in canada rose from 24 (1960) to over 30 (2008)
    - increasingly high proportion of 20 to 34 year olds now living alone, with roomates, relatives and parents
    - love, attachment, and conflict management are important psychological factors.
  64. 64What adds to relationship quality?- adults believe that intimacy issues are more important than material aspects
    - each partner brings skills, resources, and traits
    - personality is especially important
    - attitudes toward marriage affect martial stability
  65. 65Imtimacy issues- having mutually shared interests and expectations, trust, and a satisfactory sexual relationship are important than the material aspects of marriage such as having an adequate income.
  66. 66Higher levels of extraversion predict what?- mutual martial satisfaction in both partners
  67. 67High levels of conscientiousness predict what?- higher levels of satisfaction in husbands
  68. 68Similar levels of openness to experience predict what?- higher levels of satisfaction in husbands
  69. 69similar levels of agreeableness predict what?- higher levels of satisfaction in wives
  70. 70How does attachment influence marriage?- adults bring to their marriage internal models of intimate relationships established from the prenatal attachment
    - other variables that influence adult relationship satisfaction include; the quality of partner's peer relationships, life stresses, patterns of interaction between partners.
  71. 71What are Sternbergs 3 key components of love?- intimacy (promotes closeness and connectedness)
    - Passion (intense longing for union)
    - commitment
  72. 72When Sternbergs components combine how many sub varities are made?-7
  73. 73What are the 7 sub varities of love?- companionate love, empty love, consummate love, fatusous love, romantic love, infatuation, liking
  74. 74Couples with stable or enduring marriages may be...- Validating, volatile, avoidant
  75. 75Couples with unsuccessful marriages may be..- hostile/engaged, hostile/detached
  76. 76Divorce studies stats- longitudinal studies show that 38% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce withing 30 years of marrige
    - divorce rate generally peaks before the 5th year of marriage
    -average marriage lasts almost 15 years
    - divorce rates are highest among men and women in their late 50s
  77. 77What negative psychological effects are associated with divorce?- increases mental health problems, especially depression
  78. 78Men and depression following martial breakdown..- men are 3 times more likely to become depressed
  79. 79women and depression following martial breakdown- women are 2.5 years more likely to become depressed following martial breakdown
    - women who are divorced were 3.5 times more likely to experience depression in this time period than those who remained married.
  80. 80What are the economic effects of divorce?- men leave a marriage with far greater earning potential
    - women retain custody of children
  81. 81What do young people conceive cohabitation as?- a final filter
    - a sort of test before marriage
  82. 82Are common law unions higher than in the 1980s?- yes, they are 3 times higher
  83. 83studies about cohabitation- those who cohabit before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriages
  84. 84divorce and cohabitation- rates for those who cohabit before marriage is double than that of couples who did not cohabit
  85. 85What are the 2 reasons for high divorce rates of those who lived together? 1.1. cohabiting leads to development of a life structure for cohabiting, not marriage, because the two relationships are fundamentally different
  86. 862.- adults who choose to live together before marriage are different, in key ways, from those who marry without cohabiting.
    - couples who cohabit are less homogamous (similar) than those who do not.
    - they are more dissimiliar in ethnicity, religious beliefs, educational attainment, and socioeconomic status than married couples
  87. 87Cohabiting and division of labor- cohabiting women who intend to marry their partners may do a better job of communicating their expectations about fair division of labor.
  88. 88Cohabiting couples and clear intentions- cohabiting couples who are clear about their intentions to marry are happier during the period of cohabitation than couples whose future plans are more ambigious
  89. 89gay and lesbian couples- 1/3 same sex couples is married, while the majority is common law
    - attachment security is just as important in same-sex unions as in heterosexual ones
    - homosexual couples seem to be more egaltarian than hetero couples
  90. 90Continious singlehood- has benefits over singlehood that follows a divorce or the death of a spouse
  91. 913 patterns among long-term singles- avoidance, anxiety, security
  92. 92What counteracts negative aspects of singlehood?- once singles have determined that they expect to stay single, this self-affirmation may help protect singles
  93. 93avoidance- singles experience much discomft with intimacy and closeness with others so they actively avoid relationships, and they cope by being overly self-relinat
  94. 94anxiety- singles experience fear or intense distress when attachment needs are not met, leading to low satisfaction with being single
  95. 95security- singles experience singlehood as a satisfying personal choice and form trustworth long-term stable friendships to meet their attachment needs
  96. 96Desire to become a parent- great majority expect to have a child
    - 92% of parents believe parenting is the most important thing they can do
    - more men than women see parenting as positive
    - men are increasingly stay-home fathers or take paternity leave
  97. 97transition experience- new parents argue about child-rearing philosophy as well as how, when, where, and by who child-care chorse should be done
    - new parents have much less time for each other
    - maritial problems that existed prior to parenthood intensify
  98. 98Postpartum depression- severe mood disturbance resulting in feelngs of sadness lasting a few weeks or rarely for a year or more
    - 10 to 25 % of new mothers
    -pregnancy is the greatest predictor
    - presence of major stress life stressors during pregnancy or immediately after the baby's birth increases the risk of PPD
    - some women suffer for a year or more
  99. 99what is the general pattern of marital satisfaction?- its a its peak before birth of the first child.
    - after which it drops and remains at a lower level until the last child leaves home
    - evidence suggest that this pattern is not unversial nor inevitable
  100. 100longitude studies and developmental impact of parenthood- longitudinal studies show that the lenghts of times that a couple has been together before having their first child, the amount of education they have, and the number of children they have are all positively related to marital satisfaction
  101. 101Life without children- martial satisfaction fluctuates less over time for childless couples
    - childless couples report higher cohesion than do couples with children
    - women are much more likely to have full-time continous careers and earn higher incomes
  102. 102life without childre stats- for canadian women agreed 30 to 39, the most common reasons given for not having children are that children dont fit in with their lifestyle (20 to 31%), they are too old (14%), and infertility (13%)
  103. 103Parents influence on young adults life- relationships are strongly influence by proximity
    -teens do not feel emotionally close
    - adults feel emotionally close to their parents and see or talk to them regularly
  104. 104Friends- are chosen from among those we see as like ourselves in education, social class, interests, family background,
    - cross sex friendships are more common among adults than children, but they are outnumbered by same-sex friendships
    - mutual openess and self-disclosure are essential
  105. 105Women and friends- women have more close friends, their friendships are more intimate, more self-disclosure and more exchange of emotion support (female friends talk to eachother)
    - women have a larger relationship role than men do
  106. 106Males and their friends- are less likely to agress with eachother or to ask for or provide emotional support to one anoterh (male friends do things together)
  107. 107kin- keeper- a family role, usually occupied by a women, which includes responsbility for maintain family and friendships relationships
  108. 108what new technology has increased knowledge of noraml brain function?- MRI
  109. 109What happens to white matter volume ?- declines that began in childhood and does not level off until age 60.
    - decrease in brain weight
  110. 110New synapses in middle age- are continuing to form in middle age, but unlike in the younger years, more snyapses are lost than formed
  111. 111what is the general rule of brain maturation?- that the areas of the brain that develop last ar the ones that being to decline first, namely areas located within the frontal and parietal lobe
  112. 112Cerebrospinal fludie across the lifespan- increases steadily across the lifespan
    - serves to add buoyancy to protect the brain and spinal cord to transport nutrients and hormones and to remove waste products across the nervous system
  113. 113cognitive tasks; middle age vs. younger- cogntitive tasks activate a larger area of brain tissue in middle-ages adutls (responding more slowly) than they do in younger adults
    - respond different to sensory stimuli
    -more synapses are lost than formed
  114. 114Grey matter after 40- declines in density, associated with subtle degenetraitve processes
    - this is the time when white matter growth peaks and total brain weights begin to decline
  115. 115general rule of brain maturation- the brain that develop last are the ones that begin to decline first, namely aras located withing the frontal and parietal lobes
  116. 116Human connectome studies- suggest that declines in structual connectivity (neural networks) precede declines in functional connectivity (perceptual and cognitive processes), which occur notably later in life.
  117. 117middle age adults and tasks- requiring intense concentration and rapid judgements (when driving a car), middle aged preform the same if not better than their younger counterparts.
    - differences are due to natural aging process and health
  118. 118Climacteric- the years of middle or late adulthood in both men and women during which reprodcutive capacity declines or is lost
  119. 119Male climacteric;- extremely gradual, slow loss of reproductive capacity
    - slow drop in testosterone levels begins in early adulthood and continues well into old age
    - lifestyle changes and medication can sometimes restore sexual function
  120. 120obese men and male climacteric- obese men with erectil dysfunction in a two-year weight-loss program that required participants to make changes in their diets and exercise habits
    - about 1/2 of the men experienced improvements in erectile dysfucntions along with reductions in body fat
  121. 121other causes of erectile dysfunction- performance anxiety is a frequent cause of erectile dysfunction.
    - drugs sildenafil (viagra), tadalafil (cialis), and vardenafil (levitra) have been found effective in treating this conditon
  122. 122what happens to men who turn to supplements for symptom relief?- - may delay seeking medical attention
    - as a result, this may continue to suffer from a serious underlying condition without realizing it.
  123. 123Female climacteric- gradual ovarian changes
    - sometimes used interchangbly with the term menopause
  124. 124Menopause- the cessation of monthly menstrual cycles in middle-aged women
  125. 125when does it happen?- usually occurs when a women is between her late 40s and early 50s.
  126. 126what can help dreduce the physical symptos and effects of menopause?- menopausal hormone therapy
  127. 127Estrogen- increases rapidly during puberty.
    - Triggers the onset of menstruation
    - stimulates development of breasts and secondary sex characteristics
  128. 128Progesterone- secreted by the ruptured ovarian follice from when the ovum emerges, rises during the second half of the menstrual cycle and stimulates the sloughing off of accumulated material in the uterus each month if conception has not occured
  129. 129Pro's and cos of Meno pausal hormone therapy- physical symptoms of menopause can be dramatically reduced by taking estrogen and progesterone
    - the risk of endometrial cancer increased three to ten-fold in women taking replacement estrogen
    -it is a combo of estrogen and progesterone at low doses
    -has the same benefits as estrogen alone, but without the increased risk of endometrial cancer.
    - Decrease some other important health risks while increasing others
  130. 130Menopausal phases 1. premenopausal phpase;- estrogne levels fall somewhat, menstrual period are less regular, and annovulatory cycles begin gto occur.
  131. 1312. Perimenopausa; phase- estrogen and progesteron levels are erratic. Menstrual cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experiences symptoms such as hot flashes
  132. 1323. Postmenopausal phase- wome is postmenopausal when she has had no menstrual periods for a year or more.
  133. 133Psychological effects of menopause- no connection between menopausal status and major depressive disorder
    - individual differences
    - sleep deprivation from symptoms may be misdiagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder
  134. 134do majority of middle-aged adults remain sexually active?- the great majority
    - the desire and frequency decreases
  135. 135What is the biopsychosocial view of sexuaslity and aging?- used to examing how factors interact to predispose us to problems with sexual functioning as we age.
  136. 136Osteoporosis- loss of calciym from bones begins at age 30, and is accelerated in women during menopuase when estrogen and progesterone decrease
    - major consequence of this bone loss is a sigficantly increased risk of fracture, beginning as early as age 50 for women and much later for men
    - overall pattern of bone loss is part of aging, the amount of loss is variable.
  137. 1373 ways that osteoporosis can be prevented: 1.- getting enough calcium during early adulthood, so the peak level of bone mass is as robust as possible
    - get vitamin D early adulthood
  138. 1382.- getting regular excercise; particularly weight-bearing exercise such as walking or strength training throughout adult life
  139. 1393.- serum follicle stimulating horomone.
    - getting a bone mineral density test which can identify osteoporosis long before it causes serious damage to bones.
  140. 140Risk for osteoporosis; age- risk increases in women over 65 and men 70
  141. 141gender- women have considerably higher risk than men
  142. 142body frame and weight- those who have small body frames and who are either underweight or obese have higher risk.
  143. 143Timing of menopause- women who experience early menopause and postmenopausal women are at higher risk, presumably becuase their follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels become elevated and estrogen levels decline
  144. 144family history race- those with a family history of osteoporosis are at higher risk
    caucasian and asian have the highest risk
    - followed by indigneous people
    - lowest risk is african american
  145. 145diet- a diet low in calcium and vitamin D during adolescence and early adulthood results in lower peak levels of bone mass and hence greater risk of falling below critical levels later
  146. 146Gut Microbiota- dybiosis (imbalance) in the gut can be a risk factor for osteoporosis
  147. 147health habits- smoking and alcohol are linked to higher risk
  148. 148exercise- those with sednetary lifestyles are at a higher risk
    pronlonged immobility such as bedrest also increase the rate of bone loss
    - regular physical activity and exercise reduces the rate of bone loss
  149. 149Presbyopia- normal loss of visual activity acuity with aging, especailly the ability to focus the eye on near objects
    - the ability to focus on near objects deteriorates rapidly in the 40s and early 50s
  150. 150Prebycusis- normal loss of hearing with aging, especially of high-frequency or very low-frequency tone
    - the progresses more slowly than presbyopia
    - hearing loss accelerates after age 55
  151. 151what does HRQL stnad for?- Health related quality of life
  152. 152what is it- a measure of physical, mental and social health
  153. 153trends at mid life (40)- remains relatively high and stable through to roughly age 70, when it begins to decline
  154. 154what increases udring middle-adulthood- frequency of annoying aches and pains
    - people unhappy with their bodies
    - chronic disease and disability
    - disease realted death
    - physical activity can promote longevity
  155. 155what has become increasingly common in canada aroudn the middle age?- disease related death
  156. 156what is the leading cause of death in middleadulthood and old age in canada?- Cancer
  157. 157what is the probabilyt of canadians developing cancer?- 50% men
    -46% for women
  158. 158what is the number one type of cancer casuing deaths?- lung cancer
    - new cases of lung cancer have jumped nearly fivefold over the past forty years for women
  159. 159what virsus and bacteria are associated with cancer?-- HPV, Epstein-Barr virus, hep b and c, Helicobacter pylori bacteria
  160. 160other facts about cancer- shares many risk factors with cardio vascular disease
    - most factors can be controlled at least partially
  161. 161Cardiovasuclar disease (CVD)- variety of physical problems, especailly in the arteries
    - signf. blockage in arterial results in heart attack or stroke
    - life style factors, not normal aging
  162. 162Athersclerosis- narrowing of the arteries cause by deposits of fatty substance called plauqe
  163. 163general risk of CVD- - The Framingham heart study (a long-term epidemiological study) identified characteristics that predicted CVD.
    - A large percentage of Canadians have CVD risk factors
    - 1/3 of Canadians > 20 years old have three or more risk factors for CVD
    - Can reduce life expectancy
    - These risks are cumulative; more characteristics = higher risk for CVD
    - Hypertension is one of the strongest.
  164. 164Hypertension systolic/diastolic- sys = top number/ dys = bottom number
  165. 165low risk120/80
  166. 166medium risk- 121-139/80-89
  167. 167high risk- 140+/90
  168. 168smokingCANCER; substanially increases the risk of lung cancer, also implicated in other cancers
    CVD: major risk, the more you smoke the greater the risk.
    - quitting reduces the risk
  169. 169blood pressureCANCER; no known risk
    CVD: systolic pressure above 130 or diasoltic pressure about 80 is linked to higher risk
  170. 170weightCANCER; being overweight is linked to increased risk of several cancers including breast cancer, but the risk is smaller than for heart disease
    CVD; some increased risk with weight above normal range
    - greater for the obeses
  171. 171CholestrolCANCER: no known risk
    CVD: Clear risk with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotiens
  172. 172Infections, chronic conditions and diseasesCANCER: Certain STI’s (HPV), and dybosis or the gut microbiota increase risk.
    CVD: Diabetes and chronic kidney disease increase risk, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota promotes the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease
  173. 173InactivityCANCER: Inactivity is associated in some studies with higher rates of some cancer
    CVD: In active adults have about twice the risk as those who exercise.
  174. 174DIETCANCER: A diet low in fruits, veggies and intact grains increases risk. Although results are still unclear, a high-fat diet is linked to risks of some cancers; high-fibre diets appear to be protective for some cancers
    CVD: High is at fats, coupled with low consumption of fibre increases risk
  175. 175ALCOHOLCANCER: Excessive alcohol use is associated with cancers of the digestive system
    CVD: Excessive alcohol use can weaker the heart muscle
  176. 176HeredityCANCER: Some genetic component with nearly every cancer
    CVD: Those with first degree relatives with CVD have seven to ten times the risk.
  177. 177Helicobacter pylori-bacterial infections and cancer have also been identified. Has been implicated in many studies of stomach cancer and one type of non-hodgkins lymphoma
  178. 178Type A personality pattern- competitive achievement striving, a sense of time urgency, and, sometimes hostility or aggressiveness
    - Linked to higher levels of cholesterol, and hence to increased risk of CVD
    - Some facets of Type A personality (especially hostility) produce higher risk
  179. 179Type B personalities-less hurried, more laid back, less competitive, less hostile.
  180. 180Type D personalityD for distress. exhibit a chronic pattern of emotional distress combine with a tendency to suppress negative emotions
    - At higher risk of death following a heart attack
    - Neuroticism and depression may be more predictive than hostility.
  181. 181Gender and health;- Women’s life expectancy is greater than men’s but women have more diseases and disabilities
    - Men die younger but are healthier while they are alive
    - Nearly 3 times as many men as women die of hear disease between the ages 45 and 54
    - Men are more likely to die of CVD- womens hearts seem to cope better with the same level of disease
    - Women are more likely to suffer from nonfatal chronic illnesses like arthritis.
  182. 182Mental health;- Canadian men and women report improved mental health with increasing age
    - Self-esteem reportedly peaks around age 60
    - About 2/3 of adults diagnosed with serious mental disorders in early adulthood continue to have difficulties in middle age
    - Though most addictive disorders begin in adolescence or early adulthood, they frequently go undiagnosed until they become problematic in middle adulthood.
  183. 183Alcohol use disorder (AUD)- Canadian men are more likely than women to engage in binge drinking
    - Between ages 35 to 54, 26% of men vs. 15% of women reported binge drinking in the previous year
    - The physical effects of AUD combine with natural aging during middle adulthood to significantly affect the body
    - Neurological deficits among alcoholics include problems with memory and language
    - Alcoholics have increased risk for diseases of many systems (cardiovascular, digestive, immune, muscular, reproductive) and for death
  184. 184Cognitive development- In the middle adult years, some cognitive abilities improve where as others slow down a bit.
    - Many adults have acquired large bodies of knowledge and skills that help them compensate for losses and solve problems within their areas of expertise more efficiently than younger adults do.
  185. 185What does denny propose- Denney proposes that changes with age on nearly any measure of physical or cognitive functioning follow a typical curve
  186. 186Unexercised abilities...- Unexercised abilities will generally have a lower peak level of performance; exercised abilities will generally have a higher peak
    - Any skill (physical or mental) that is not fully exercised can be improved, even in old age, if the individual begins to exercise that ability.
  187. 187high level of functioning with age- With increasing age a high level of functioning requires more and more effort, until eventually every adult reaches a point at which even maximum effort will no longer maintain peak function.
  188. 188Selective optimization with compensationthe process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging.
    - Optimize the skills that can be improved by exercising them as much as possible
    - Use compensatory strategies to offset the effects of aging
    - Reduce distractions to more efficiently carry out a cognitive task (selection).
  189. 189Nancy Denny’s model of aging and performance chart;- Suggest both a basic decay curve and a fairly large gap between actual level of performance on exercised and unexercised abilities.
    - Crystallized abilities are at least moderately exercised, whereas many fluid abilities are realtively unexercised.
    - More fully exercised will have a higher peak.
  190. 190why is it difficult to separate the effect of primary and secondary aging?- It is often difficult to separate the effects of primary and secondary aging because they happen at the same time. (those with some kind of CVD show earlier and larger declines on intellectual tests than healthy counterparts)
  191. 191Physical exercisemay be one of the critical factors in determining an individual’s overall physical health and cognitive performance during middle adulthood.
    - Increased physical activity leads to improved cognition (executive control processes and working memory)
    - Physical exercise interventions may improve cognitive among middle-aged and older adults.
  192. 192Beliefs about memory functionthe subjective experience of forgetfulness increases with age
    - Memory is believed to decline, with change beginning in middle adulthood (25>45 = 65>85 year olds)
    - Memory demands of middle-aged adults everyday lives are greater than for those of young adults
  193. 193General findings; about memory performance in middle adulthood- Memory task performance declines after 55
    - Recognition of words and texts appear to remain stable throughout adulthood
    - Short-term memory capacity is stable
    - The ability to use short-term memory efficiently changes
  194. 194Episodic memory-- Research suggests that episodic memory (the ability to re-experience personal events) slows with age.
    -- Middle-aged adults are very proficient at overcoming episodic memory limitations by using reminders , or cues to help themselves remember information
    - They believe their efforts will make a difference so middle-aged adults actively work to improve their memories.
  195. 195Use it or lose it;- Most adults maintain or even gain in skills on any task that they practice often or that is based on specific learning.
    - Verbal abilites increase in middle age and do not begin to decline until about age 65
    - Adults who engage in intellectually challenging activities show fewer losses in cognitive skills than those who do not.
  196. 196- Cognitive exercisetraining and exercises can reverse declines in memory and cognitive skill
    - Expertise; in a particular field helps to compensate for age-related deficits in cognitive functioning.
  197. 197New learning;- Middle-aged adults outperform those who are younger on tasks that involve comprehending and remembering reading material
    - Younger adults focus on creating word-for-word representation of the text in their memories; middle-aged adults pay more attention to overarching themes than to details
  198. 198Simonton and creativity- Simonton identified the age at which notable scientists published their first significant work, their best work, and their last work.
    - In every scientific discipline represented the thinkers produced their best work at age 40
    - Most were publishing significant even outstanding research through their 40s and into their 50s.
    - Among musicians or other artists, peak creativity may occur later or be maintained far longer
  199. 199divergent thinking- a person who uses divergent thinking, can provide multiple solutions to problems that have no clear answer. This is as vital to science as it is to art.
  200. 2004 steps of diverthing thinking1. Preparation (relevant info is gathered), 2. incubation (digesting the information without acutally trying to work on the problem)
    3. illumination (digestive process produces an aha moment, in which the solution to the problem becomes clear), 4. translation (the solution is applies to the problem and adjustments are made as needed).

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Flashcards on PSYCH chapter 14 to 16, created by Rebecca Redd on 19/03/2022.
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