Flashcards
Codices: Colonial Failure, First Nations Resistance
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1Spain: First Nations recovery & resistanceAbility to push back through different mechanisms across expanse of colonised lands incl. New Spain
- 2Spain: First Nations recovery & resistance Language- Adopted mastery over Castillian language
- Friars told to teach First Nations people Castillian - civilising process
- Embedded within efforts to indoctrinate Christianity - missionary/evangelical effect
- Castillian learned alongside Nahuatl - children of mixed race
- Unions between colonising Spaniards & First Nations
- collective adaptation to colonised life - 3Spain: First Nations recovery & resistance: Financial Systems- Adopted & mastered new financial systems
- Had own complex systems before Spanish conquerors arrived but implemented Spanish systems
- Spanish judge in Peru (1567) - 'giving them their own... money in payment for their work' - 4Spain: Education- Religious orders offered primary education for First Nations people
- Incl. instruction in Catechism, reading, writing
- Becoming as highly educated as those growing up in Spain - 5Spain: Legal protectionsNew Laws (1542)
- Les Casas' ideas of treatment of First Nations people adopted in New Laws
- Protections for First Nations people - never to be enslaved even in acts of just war. No new encomienda.
- New court - cases of abuse vs First Nations People & punish colonisers
- First Nations people treated as subjects of Crown of Castille - enjoy same privileges as Spanish people in theory - practice diff - 6Spain: Art & Creative expression- Codices/codex - document authored & created by First Nations person but is commissioned by Spanish missionary/coloniser
- Intended to doc/capture First Nations lang, histories, cosmographies
- Made on Euro paper - FN style of drawing
- Unique blend of Euro systems, FN info
- E.g., Florentine Codex (1545-1590) - conquest of Mexica - image of Montezuma meeting w Spaniards
- Important source for historians to understand Mexica society as much lost when captured by colonisers (written by survivors of colonisation) - 7Spain: Religion- First Nations people coerced and encouraged to convert Catholicism but made it their own when they did
- Virgin of Guadalupe - worshipped by FN people. FN person received apparition of Virgin Mary. Resonance today. Pilgrimages to Mexico. - 8Spain: reclaiming themselves in context of colonisation - identity- Paraguay, Guarani people
- Adaptability & resistance to form new community
- Guarani people lived in remote, isolated parts of New Spain
- When Spanish colonisers arrived, they sought allies - hostile to surrounding FN people- advg
- Spanish wanted allies - far from other Spanish colonial presence - cement own security
- Mutual necessity alliance - Spanish colonising men intermarried w Guarani women
- Unique Mestizo society - 9England: Colonial failure - why different?- Slow start to colonisation
- Spanish & Portuguese more powerful
- England emerging from decades of civil war, corrupt & bankrupt govt.
- Couldn't invest in same tech/structures for voyage
- Used diff colonisation mechanisms - 10England: Funding- Joint Stock Companies
- Group of people gather together in corporation & each put money in to fund voyage - if success, makes money - sell goods purchased on voyage
- Minimises personal investment, risk, max chances for profit
- Muscovy Company (1555), Guinea Company (1555), EIC, Virginia Company (1606) - 11England: Technologuy- Significant disadvantage due to ship tech - trans-oceanic voyages more difficult
- Slow to adopt new tech - lacked finances, not able to invest in creation of new ships - 12England: Provisions- To feed sailors/soldiers on voyages: need protein/drinks/starch that can be preserved
- Preserving/packing foods were risky
- Could only be done at certain times
- Only one seaport in England that had structure to facilitate prep for long sea voyages
- frequently voyages under provisioned - 13England: Geography- Distinct geographical advantage in terms of ocean currents/wind patterns
- Easier for Spanish/Portuguese to take advantage of trade winds
- Earliest English voyages - people suffered dehydration/starvation - 14England: Jamestown Virginia- First English deep sea voyage by John Cabot in 1498 - 18 people funded by Henry VII
- Wanted short route to Asia - came across New Finland (grass, fish)
- New Finland companies didn't prosper - - 15Jamestown project: summer of 1606- James I granted charter to Virginia Company to establish English settlement in N. America (Chicopee region)
- Dec 1606 - 100 colonisers sailed from London to secure settlement, find gold & waterway to Pacific - est James Fort
- Located space where Spanish ships couldn't fire
- BUT was a malarial swamp w insects/disease - near First Nations - attacked by them
- Failed - winter of 1609-1610 - starving time
- 300 settlers crowded in James' Fort - indigenous groups siege - ran out of food, overcrowded - 60 survived to spring
- Dysentery/typhoid spread
- Ate leather, horses, cannibalism?
- Example of profound FN resistance - understand slow British colonisation - 16France: First Nations recovery & Resistance- Specifically in NE of N. American context
- Better start than English
- adopted many practices that made it easier to establish fort in safer/healthier locations - 17France: Geography- Quebec, 1627
- Montreal (1642)
- Placentia Bay, 1662
- Louisbourg, 1720
- Patterns - tight geog space - support & reprovision each other
- settlement pattern - 18France: funding- Presence of missionaries
- Catholic Church in rich, powerful religious houses
- Funded & supported
- Set up trade in furs- major export of 17th C French Canada - profitable return created - 19France: SocietyCoureurs de bois
- sent liaisons to act as intermediaries between settlers & FN people
- V. important
- lived w FN comms - learnt language, lasting communication networks
- Cartographers, interpreters
- Could overcome conflict more quickly
- Pierre-Joseph-Marier Chamonot & Rene Menard = FN believe that 'we carried disease and misfortune into every region that we entered... received w a rather cold welcome' - Jesuits - 20France: religion- Jesuits - brought disease
- Baptism killed people
- Seldom christened FN people
- Although not baptised, often baptised before they died - believed Jesuits were killing people - 21Diaz, M on the Indigenous Archive- 18th C Native elites played key role in larger intellectual scene of colonial Mexico by partaking in same debates as their creole/Euro counterparts
- Docs prodcued by native elites rel. to indigenous schools, convents, seminaries 18th C - circulation of knowledge between 3 groups
- Archives of Jesuit Colegia de San Gregorio, Franciscan Convent of Corpus Christi
- Fragmented indigenous archive - history of Catholic Church in Mexico v turbulent
- Native materials removed from local places of knowledge
- Documentation produced by indigenous people rel. to educational spaces by CC during 18th C generate native epistemology - some narratives silenced
- Participation of indigenous people - role played in construction of identity
- Bourbon reforms 18th C - reduce power of CC, integrate indigenous people (edu reform) - 22Diaz on Archives- Origin of all knowledge
- Ann Stoler: ethnography of colonial archive 'attends of the processes of production, relations of power in which archives are created'
- Cannot be totalising - captures moments - fragments in archive
- Indigenous archive in fragments due to inherent violence of colonial past
- Books written by natives w/out words destroyed by European - forced to adapt & use Spanish language in writing - resistance
- Way to affirm local power/distinct culture - using same apparatus used to dominate them - active participation in redefining colonial religious/legal practices - 23Diaz on Indigenous Peoples & Church- Mendicant orders arrived in Mexico
- Evangelising orders - Franciscans (founded Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco 1536) - produced gen of Nahua intellectuals
- Jesuits opened school for indigenous nobility 1586 - San Gregorio
- Natives learn Euro rhetoric, music, Latin, Spanish
- Disapearance of spaces by 17th C - lack of documentation
- Slow devpt. of female edu - instruction in faith to become nuns
- Shift in cultural pol 18th C - affected dept of schools/convents - Bourbon reform
- BUT 16th C golden age of schools for natives fostered creation of gen of educated natives who became intermediaries. historians, local govt.
- Edu gave native opps to improve social position & claim ancestral rights. Collab between Spaniards & criollos - intermarriage.
Enlightened ideas - 18th C w newspapers - 24Diaz on Corpus Christi & San Gregorio- convent of CC only cloister to admit indigenous women as nuns in mexico until 19th C
- Jesuit colegio where native men could gain edu beyond knowledge of Spanish/Christian doctrine
- San Gregorio lept fund intended to support entrance of orphan girls into convent
- Lack of transparency in archives - expulsion of jesuits from colonies key to this marginalisation
- Nuns of CC petitioned to use Jesuit Colegio for new convent
- Edu - experience w Spanish institutions provided them w tools to demand more/dominant position in colonial world - 25Diel on Codex Mexicanus- Nahua intellectuals gathered in Tenochtitlan to compile Codex Mexicanus
- Records of Christian/Aztec calendars, Euro medical astrology, genealogy of Tenochca royal houses, annals of preconquest Mexico City
- Miscellaneous nature
- Native audience guide to colonial life
- New version of Spanish reportorios - translated S alphabetic texts into Aztec pictorial system
- Image of biblical visions received by native
- Used to establish control over colonial discourse
- Visual culture of Mexicans key to identity formation
- Mexicanus as cosmopolitan work that spans trad/religion/ethnic/history
- Aztec past as legitimate in Christian & Aztec worlds - 26Diel on Time & Religion in Christian & Aztec worlds- Nahuas/Spaniards concerned w time rel. to sacred
- Calendars linked w religious practices
- Perpetual calendar- Christian holy/saints' days + Aztec sacred festivals
- Mexicanus' visualisation of cyclical equivalency between native & Christian calendars establishes 2 systems as equally valid - 27Diel on Medical Astrology & Issues of Hea;t- Early modern world - astrology believed to influence human affairs/medicine
- Chart of Zodiac signs, Elements, Times for bleeding & purging
- Almost exact match w reportorio
- Shared concern w health by Euro & natives
- Euro medicines derived from diseases introduced by Euro - spaniards more resistant - 28Diel on preconquest past to colonial present- Focus on tike - historical matters
- Extensive annals of history tracking growth of Tenochtitlan, transition into Mexico City, genealogy of Tenochca Royal Lineage
- Inclusion of vast history parallels scope of historical text in Chaves reportorio - Spain's growth from ancient Rome to modern Christian nation
- Reportorio & Mexicanus suggest increasing sense that knowledge of Aztec past was necessary for understanding of New Spain & formation of idenitty - 29Extra on Codex- Other evidence of native books inspired by Spanish ones - key role in formation & circulation of knowledge for many natives ones
- Spanish book as model to record important info of own lives & formation of own identity as Nahua Christians
- Mexicanus crafting vision & identity for New Spain based on coming together of Christian & Aztec traditions
- Aztec past necessary step in formation of Christian New Spain
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- Year 2 Vast Early Modern Americas (Codices/Colonial Failure, First Nations Resistance) Flashcards on Codices: Colonial Failure, First Nations Resistance, created by Isla Duguid on 23/04/2022.
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