Flashcards
L4 - Learning and Memory
Cards in this deck (44)
- 1explain declarative (explicit) memory how easy is it to learn and forget this type of memory?- memory which is available for conscious recollection
- easy to learn and easy to forget - 2explain non-declerative memory how easy is it to be learnt and forgotten?- memory which isn't available for recollection
- requires repetition over a long time to be learnt but is less likely to be forgotten once learnt - 3give an example of a non-declarative memorylearning and instrument
- 4explain long and short term declerative memory- short term is memory which lasts seconds or hours and is then forgotten
- short term can be recalled after a long time - 5what could distrupt declarative memory?trauma
- 6what type of declarative memory is more susceptible for disruptionshort term
- 7how can short term memory be turned to long termrevision/ consolidation
- 8what are the 2 theories of memory consolidation?1 - short term memory is moved to long term through consolidation
2 - short term memory is made and a separate storage for the same memory is made for long term after consolidation - 9what is amnesialoss of memory and learning ability as a consequence of disease or trauma of the brain
- 10give some examples of causes of amnesiatumours, concussions, strokes, alcoholism
- 11what are retrograde and anterograde amnesia?retrograde - memories that happened before the trauma are lost
anterograde - memories following the trauma are lost - 12what s transient global amnesiaa temporary loss of all memories
e.g after a concussion - 13what did ablation experiments show in terms of cause of memory loss after ablation of the brain- ablation of specific areas of the brain didn't cause loss of specific memories
- but did show that the greater the ablation of the brain the greater the loss of memory - 14what lobe of the cortex are important for memory?the medial temporal lobe
(so the middle of the temporal lobe) - 15what are cortical association areas in terms of memorydepending on the sensory modality involved in the memory is where the memory is likely to be stored
e.g visual memory stored in the occipital lobe - 16what type of memories are normally associated with the temporal lobecomplex memories which involve multiple sensory modalities
- 17give the memory processing activities§ of the medial temporal lobe- consolidation of declarative memory
- temporary memory storage in medial temporal lobe - 18what type of memory is associated with the hippocampus?- spatial memory
- working memory (ongoing behaviour)
- relational memory (tying things together that happened at time of memory) - 19what type of memory is lost when you remove the temporal lobe- short term declarative memory is lost
- 20what types of memory are maintained when the temporal lobe is removed?- procedural memory
- maintained long term memory - 21what part of the brain is associated with epilepsymedial temporal lobe
- 22if you were to remove the medial temporal lobe in epilepsy patients what would e the pros and cons- they wouldnt have seizures anymore
- theyd lose their short term declarative memories (both anterograde and retrograde) - 23what new things would a person without a medial temporal lobe be able to top learn and not be able to learn?would be able to learn new skills (Non-devlerative memory)
but cant learn new faces - 24what is the brain wiring theory of developing memorytthe idea that neurones are connected by genetics but when making memories the neurones fire together more frequency causing changes in those existing connections so they wire together
- 25how would the theory of fire together wire together look on an electrical trace?the same amount of firing would give more and stronger action potentials
- 26what is coincidence detectionreceptors detect 2 cells firing together frequently which allows for amplication of the signal
- 27what is the major excitatory NTM of the brainglutamate
- 28what are the 2 main glutamate receptors in the brainAMPA
NMDA - 29what types of receptor are the AMPA and NMDA receptorsAMPA is a ligand gated ion channel
NMDA is a voltage gated ion channel - 30explain how glutamate activates AMPA receptorsglutamate binds opening the channel allowing sodium influx causing AP's
- 31explain glutamates activity on the NMDA recepotrsglutamate binds which modulates firing by changing the membrane potential by removing a magnesium plug
- 32how do NMDA receptors aid in memorythey are coincidence detectors so identify when cells fire together a lot and alter the membrane potential allowing them to wire together
- 33what does the removal of the magnesium plug by the NMDA receptor acheive?causes an influx of calcium into the cell which not only increases the membrane potential but also has down stream effects
- 34what is the downsteram effect of calcium influx after NMDA receptor activationcalcium influx activates calcium dependant kinases which increase conductance through and adds more AMPA receptors on the post synaptic cell
- 35summarise how NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors act as coincidence detectorswhen cells fire together a lot the NMDA receptor is activated removing its Mg++ block.
this causes calcium influx
calcium influx increases the membrane potential and causes calcium dependant kinase to activate the AMPA receptors
all this leads to increased post synaptic sensitivity - 36what happens to neurones which rarely fire togetherthey gain long term depression
- 37how does long term depression o f neurones happenthese neurones don't get NMDA and AMPA activation meaning they have lower Ca++ concs which causes phosphorylation of proteins making the neurones less sensitive
- 38along with coincidence detection, neurotrophs aid wiring together or f neurones. what are neurotropohs and how do they work?they aid maturation of neurones making them more responsive to NTM, increase membrane excitability and cause greater NTM release
- 39what does LTP stand forlong term potentiation
(wiring together ) - 40what does LTD stand forLong term depression
(when dont fire together often) - 41what is synaptic plasticityhow well neurones can be changed in terms of wiring together and firing modulation
- 42give examples of areas of the brain with high synaptic plasticitylimbic system, integrative system
- 43give examples of areas of the brain which aren't very plasticprimary sensory and motor regions bc they are conserved primitive functional areas
- 44what are cognative enhancersthings which enhance the ability to recall memory
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- Year 1 NER (Neuroscience ) Flashcards on L4 - Learning and Memory, created by Jack Rowe on 23/12/2022.
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