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| Question | Answer |
| explain declarative (explicit) memory how easy is it to learn and forget this type of memory? | - memory which is available for conscious recollection - easy to learn and easy to forget |
| explain non-declerative memory how easy is it to be learnt and forgotten? | - memory which isn't available for recollection - requires repetition over a long time to be learnt but is less likely to be forgotten once learnt |
| give an example of a non-declarative memory | learning and instrument |
| explain long and short term declerative memory | - short term is memory which lasts seconds or hours and is then forgotten - short term can be recalled after a long time |
| what could distrupt declarative memory? | trauma |
| what type of declarative memory is more susceptible for disruption | short term |
| how can short term memory be turned to long term | revision/ consolidation |
| what are the 2 theories of memory consolidation? | 1 - short term memory is moved to long term through consolidation 2 - short term memory is made and a separate storage for the same memory is made for long term after consolidation |
| what is amnesia | loss of memory and learning ability as a consequence of disease or trauma of the brain |
| give some examples of causes of amnesia | tumours, concussions, strokes, alcoholism |
| what are retrograde and anterograde amnesia? | retrograde - memories that happened before the trauma are lost anterograde - memories following the trauma are lost |
| what s transient global amnesia | a temporary loss of all memories e.g after a concussion |
| what did ablation experiments show in terms of cause of memory loss after ablation of the brain | - ablation of specific areas of the brain didn't cause loss of specific memories - but did show that the greater the ablation of the brain the greater the loss of memory |
| what lobe of the cortex are important for memory? | the medial temporal lobe (so the middle of the temporal lobe) |
| what are cortical association areas in terms of memory | depending on the sensory modality involved in the memory is where the memory is likely to be stored e.g visual memory stored in the occipital lobe |
| what type of memories are normally associated with the temporal lobe | complex memories which involve multiple sensory modalities |
| give the memory processing activities§ of the medial temporal lobe | - consolidation of declarative memory - temporary memory storage in medial temporal lobe |
| what type of memory is associated with the hippocampus? | - spatial memory - working memory (ongoing behaviour) - relational memory (tying things together that happened at time of memory) |
| what type of memory is lost when you remove the temporal lobe | - short term declarative memory is lost |
| what types of memory are maintained when the temporal lobe is removed? | - procedural memory - maintained long term memory |
| what part of the brain is associated with epilepsy | medial temporal lobe |
| if you were to remove the medial temporal lobe in epilepsy patients what would e the pros and cons | - they wouldnt have seizures anymore - theyd lose their short term declarative memories (both anterograde and retrograde) |
| what new things would a person without a medial temporal lobe be able to top learn and not be able to learn? | would be able to learn new skills (Non-devlerative memory) but cant learn new faces |
| what is the brain wiring theory of developing memoryt | the idea that neurones are connected by genetics but when making memories the neurones fire together more frequency causing changes in those existing connections so they wire together |
| how would the theory of fire together wire together look on an electrical trace? | the same amount of firing would give more and stronger action potentials |
| what is coincidence detection | receptors detect 2 cells firing together frequently which allows for amplication of the signal |
| what is the major excitatory NTM of the brain | glutamate |
| what are the 2 main glutamate receptors in the brain | AMPA NMDA |
| what types of receptor are the AMPA and NMDA receptors | AMPA is a ligand gated ion channel NMDA is a voltage gated ion channel |
| explain how glutamate activates AMPA receptors | glutamate binds opening the channel allowing sodium influx causing AP's |
| explain glutamates activity on the NMDA recepotrs | glutamate binds which modulates firing by changing the membrane potential by removing a magnesium plug |
| how do NMDA receptors aid in memory | they are coincidence detectors so identify when cells fire together a lot and alter the membrane potential allowing them to wire together |
| what does the removal of the magnesium plug by the NMDA receptor acheive? | causes an influx of calcium into the cell which not only increases the membrane potential but also has down stream effects |
| what is the downsteram effect of calcium influx after NMDA receptor activation | calcium influx activates calcium dependant kinases which increase conductance through and adds more AMPA receptors on the post synaptic cell |
| summarise how NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors act as coincidence detectors | when cells fire together a lot the NMDA receptor is activated removing its Mg++ block. this causes calcium influx calcium influx increases the membrane potential and causes calcium dependant kinase to activate the AMPA receptors all this leads to increased post synaptic sensitivity |
| what happens to neurones which rarely fire together | they gain long term depression |
| how does long term depression o f neurones happen | these neurones don't get NMDA and AMPA activation meaning they have lower Ca++ concs which causes phosphorylation of proteins making the neurones less sensitive |
| along with coincidence detection, neurotrophs aid wiring together or f neurones. what are neurotropohs and how do they work? | they aid maturation of neurones making them more responsive to NTM, increase membrane excitability and cause greater NTM release |
| what does LTP stand for | long term potentiation (wiring together ) |
| what does LTD stand for | Long term depression (when dont fire together often) |
| what is synaptic plasticity | how well neurones can be changed in terms of wiring together and firing modulation |
| give examples of areas of the brain with high synaptic plasticity | limbic system, integrative system |
| give examples of areas of the brain which aren't very plastic | primary sensory and motor regions bc they are conserved primitive functional areas |
| what are cognative enhancers | things which enhance the ability to recall memory |
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