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Description
Flashcards by Ikeshia Billingsley, updated 10 months ago
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Created by Ikeshia Billingsley
10 months ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Stage Fright | Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience |
| Adrenaline | A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress |
| Positive Nervousness | Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation |
| Visualization | Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures themself giving a successful presentation |
| Speaker | The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener |
| Message | whatever a speaker communicates |
| Channel | The means by which a message is communicated |
| Listener | The person who receives the speaker's message |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups |
| Feedback | The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker |
| Five guidelines for ethical speechmaking are: | 1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5. Put ethical principles into practice |
| Listeners also have ethical obligations like: | 1. To listen courteously and attentively 2. To avoid prejudging the speaker 3. To maintain free and open expression of ideas |
| Ethics | The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs |
| Name-calling | The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or grups |
| Plagerism | Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments of the Constitution |
| Paraphrase | To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words |
| Spare "Brain time" | The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-180 words per minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-500 words a minute) |
| Listening | Paying close attention to and making sense of, what we hear |
| Hearing | The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain |
| What are the four main causes of poor listening? | -Not concentrating -Listening too hard -Jumping to conclusions -Focusing on delivery and personal appearance |
| How to become a better listener: | -Be an active listener -Resist distractions -Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery -Suspend judgment -Focus on listening -Develop note-taking skills |
| Empathic Listening | listening to provide emotional support for a speaker |
| Critical Listening | Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it |
| Attitude | A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc. |
| Stereotyping | Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike |
| Egocentrism | The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being |
| Demographic Audience Analysis | Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, religion, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, gender, and sexual orientation, group membership, and the like |
| Situational Audience Analysis | Audience analysis that focuses on the situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker, and the location |
| Persuasion | The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions |
| Question of Fact | A question about the truth of falsity of an assertion |
| Question of Value | A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action |
| Question of Policy | A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken |
| Burden of Proof | The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is neccessary |
| Monroe's Motivated Sequence | A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. |
| Target Audience | the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to Persuade |
| Ethos | The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility. |
| Logos | the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker, two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning. |
| Fallacy | An error in reasoning. |
| Bandwagon | a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is, therefore good, correct, or desirable |
| Pathos | The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as an emotional appeal |
| Evidence | consists of supporting materials-examples, statistics, and testimony-used to prove or disapprove something |
| Red Herring | the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
| Ad Hominem | a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute |
| Invalid Analogy | an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. |
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