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| Question | Answer |
| What is cell communication? | A mechanism where cells use signalling to communicate with each other and generate a response. |
| What are the four types of cell signalling? | 1. Direct Contact 2. Endocrine signalling 3. Paracrine (autocrine) signalling 4. Synaptic signalling |
| What is direct contact? | Molecules or ligands from one cell can bind to the receptor of another. Communication is via direct contact with another cell. |
| What is Synaptic signalling? | Nerve cells release neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap that bind to the receptor on an adjacent nerve cell. |
| What is paracrine signalling? | When a cell can communicate with neighboring cells within close proximity to itself. Autocrine is when it can communicate back to itself. |
| What is endocrine signalling | Long distance signalling where a ligand is released from one cell; this enters the blood stream and affects cells throughout the body. |
| What is signal transduction? | The events that occur within a cell from the response of a signal. |
| Why is phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation important? | Phosphorylation (adding a phosphate) is a common way to activate a response from a signal. De-phosphorylation inactivates the response. |
| What are the two classes of ligands? | Lipophilic - fat soluble (hormones). Bind to intracellular receptors Hydrophilic - water soluble, binds to extracellular receptors |
| What are the 3 kinds of membrane receptors? | 1. Channel linked receptors - ions channels that open in response to a ligand (nerve) 2. Enzymatic receptors - turns on signal (phosphorylation) 3. G-Protein coupled receptor -activates an effector protein. |
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