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Flashcards by Riki M, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Stephen Cole
over 8 years ago
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Copied by Riki M
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the two types of T cells | > T helper cells (Th) > T cytotoxic cells (Tc) |
| How does the immune system detect invading pathogens? | Invaded cell or phagocyte presents antigens of pathogens; these are recognized by the T-helper cells with complementary receptor proteins |
| Name the defenses in innate immunity | > Mucous membranes > Skin > Phagocytes > Inflammation > Natural Killer cells |
| What type of white blood cells carry out phagocytosis of bacteria? | Macrophages |
| Name the defenses in adaptive immunity | >Humoral immunity (B cells) involves anti-bodies >Cellular immunity (T cells) is specific and cell mediated |
| What roles do activated T cells have? | >T helper cells can coordinate a response, attract NK cells and accelerate innate immunity by secreting cytokines. They can become memory cells > T cytotoxic cells can kill cells through apoptosis |
| What four cells are involved in innate immunity? | > Mast (release histamine) > Neutrophils (first to arrive) > Macrophages (kills through phagocytosis) > Natural Killer cells (induces apoptosis) |
| What happens after a T-helper cell binds to an antigen-presenting cell? | The T-helper cell is activated and divides rapidly by mitosis. |
| What is the mechanism of phagocytosis? | Phagocyte adheres to a microbe, macrophage engulfs microbe and is contained within a phagosome. Phagosome fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome, which digest the pathogen. Material is expelled by exocytosis. |
| What is an antigen? | A molecule (usually a protein) which triggers an immune response |
| What is an antibody? | A protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to an infection. |
| Explain the inflammatory response | Injured cells release chemical alarm Histamine, this causes blood vessels to widen and become more permeable, allowing phagocytes to enter and phagocytose. |
| What is formed when the cell membrane of a phagocyte fuses around a bacterium? | A phagosome. |
| What is the first step in humoral immunity? | The surface antigens of the invading pathogen are taken up by B cells. |
| What is the role of antibodies in immunity? | They bind to the complementary antigens of invading pathogens and either cause lysis or cause them to clump together (agglutination) so that they can be ingested by phagocytosis. |
| What is the role of memory cells in immunity? | Storing an immunological memory of the shape of the antigens of pathogens for future infection by the same pathogen |
| What is the role of plasma cells in immunity? | Producing antibodies complementary to the antigens of invading pathogens. |
| What two types of cell do B cells differentiate into? | Plasma cells and memory cells. |
| Where do B lymphocytes develop? | Bone marrow. |
| Where do T lymphocytes develop? | Thymus gland. |
| What are the two basic components of the body's immunity? | - Innate Immunity: Non-specific and rapid response - Adaptive Immunity: Specific, involves T & B cells, has memory |
| What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what are their roles? | > Lymph nodes > Spleen > B & T cells become activated here > Filter and accumulate antigens |
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