Flashcards
05 Handout 1
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1Network protocolsare sets of established rules that dictate how to format, transmit, and receive data so computer network devices can communicate regardless of the differences in their underlying infrastructures, designs, or standards. The support for this can be built into software, hardware, or both.
- 2Internet Protocol (IP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Network Address Translation (NAT) Tunneling Protocols and Virtual Private Networks (TP/VPN)Common Network Protocols
- 3IPv4 Datagram FormatThis dotted-decimal notation is created by converting each 8-bit string in the 32-bit IP address into its decimal equivalent. Thus, the IP address above becomes 128.156.14.7.
32 bits in length.
Example:1000 0000.1001 1100.0000 1110.0000 0111 - 4IPv6 Datagram Formatthey are usually written in hexadecimal form, where each four-bit quantity is replaced by a hexadecimal digit from 0 to F.
addresses to be 128 bits long. A 128-bit address gives us virtually unlimited addresses. - 5Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)primary function is to turn an unreliable network into a reliable network that is free from lost and duplicate packets. The role of it essentially fills in some holes created by IP.
- 6Create a connection Release a connection Implement flow control Establish multiplexing Perform error recovery Establish priorityTCP performs the following six functions
- 7Create a connectionThe TCP header includes a port address that indicates a particular application on a machine. It uses a port number to identify the particular application's connection.
- 8Release a connectionThe TCP software can also dissolve a connection after all the data has been sent and received.
- 9Implement flow controlTo make sure the sending station does not overwhelm the receiving station with too much data, the TCP header includes a field called the Window value, that allows the receiver to tell the sender to slow down.
- 10Establish multiplexingThis can be done by creating a different connection that has a port number different from a previous connection.
- 11Perform error recoveryTCP numbers each byte for transmission with a sequence number. As the packets of bytes arrive at the destination site, the receiving TCP software checks these sequence numbers for continuity.
- 12Establish priorityIf the sender has to transmit data of a higher priority, such as an error condition, TCP can set a value in a field (the Urgent Pointer) that indicates that all or a portion of the enclosed data.
- 13TCP Datagram FormatThe information in this header is used by the TCP layer at the receiving workstation to perform one or more of the six transport functions.
- 14Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)performs error reporting for the Internet Protocol and is commonly used by routers.
- 15type code first eight bytes of the IP datagramAll ICMP messages contain at least three (3) fields:
- 16typeis simply a number from 0 to n that uniquely identifies the kind of ICMP message, such as invalid port number or invalid IP address.
- 17codeis a value that provides further information about the message type.
- 18first eight bytes of the IP datagramit used the ICMP message to be generated.
- 19User Datagram Protocol (UDP)is a no-frills transport protocol that does not establish connections, does not attempt to keep data packets in sequence, and does not watch for datagrams that have existed for too long.
It is used by a small number of network services, such as DNS, that do not need to establish a connection before sending data. - 20Source Port Destination Port Length ChecksumUser Datagram Protocol (UDP header contains only four fields:
- 21Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)is another small but important protocol that is used to support TCP/IP networks. This takes an IP address in an IP datagram and translates it into the appropriate medium access control layer address for delivery on a local area network.
- 22Dynamic Host Configuration Protocolis the most popular protocol that handles dynamic assignment.
- 23Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • FunctionsWhen a workstation running the ___ client software needs to connect to the Internet, the protocol issues an IP request, which prompts the ____server to look in a static table of IP addresses.
___ server selects an IP address from an available pool of addresses and assigns it to the workstation. - 24static assignment and dynamic assignment.In Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol , two basic methods are used to assign an IP address to a workstation:
- 25Network Address Translation (NAT)another protocol that is used to assign IP addresses. More precisely, it lets a router represent an entire local area network to the Internet as a single IP address.
- 26Network Address Translation (NAT) Functions:When a user workstation on a company local area network sends a packet out to the Internet, It replaces the IP address of the user workstation with a corporate global IP address.
All packets that leave the corporate network contain this global IP address.
The only IP address that anyone sees outside of the corporate network is the one global IP address. - 27Tunneling Protocols and Virtual Private NetworksWhenever a transmission is performed, it is susceptible to interception. Retailers have solved part of the problem by using encryption techniques to secure transactions dealing with private information.
- 28Virtual Private Network (VPN)is a data network connection that makes use of the public telecommunications infrastructure but maintains privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures.
- 29Tunneling Protocolis the command set that allows an organization to create secure connections using public resources such as the Internet. Example: Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).
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- easy Data and Digital Communications Flashcards on 05 Handout 1, created by Eljin Aguilar on 28/10/2024.
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- Eljin Aguilar
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