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| Question | Answer |
| Ion (def) | A particle that has lost or gained an electron and therefore has a charge, formed through ionic bonding |
| Ionic bonding (key points) | -Between metals and non-metals -Lose or gain electrons -Forms ions -Electrostatic attraction |
| Covalent bonding (key points) | -Between 2 non-metals -Atoms share electrons -Electron pairs -No charge |
| Covalent bond (example) | -CO2 -O2 -CH4 -H2O |
| Metallic bonding (key points) | -Delocalised electrons (free-flowing) -Lattice structure -Between 2 metals -Weakest type of bonds |
| Metallic bond (example) | -Brass (copper and zinc) -Steel (iron and carbon) -Sodium (multiple atoms) |
| What is the weakest type of bond? | Metallic |
| In ionic bonding, will metals become negatively or positively charged? | Positive |
| What type of bond is MgO2? | Ionic |
| Give an example of a giant covalent bond | -Diamond -Graphite |
| Give an example of a metallic bond with only one element | -Sodium -Magnesium -Aluminium |
| What type of bonds use electrostatic attractions to hold together particles? | Ions / Ionic bonding |
| Electrostatic attractions (def) | Strong force between opposite charges that holds together ions in ionic bonding |
| What are the free-moving electrons in metallic bonds called? | Delocalised electrons |
| What compound will Sodium and chloride form? | -Sodium chloride -NaCl |
| Why are noble gases unreactive? | They have a full outer shell, so they do not react because they do not need to gain or lose any electrons |
| What compound will calcium and fluorine make? What type of bond will it form? | -Calcium fluoride -CaF2 -Ions/ionic bonding |
| What charge are electrons, protons and neutrons? | -E: negative -P: positive -N: no charge |
| Explain why particles become ions after ionic bonding | Ions are charged particles. Electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged. During ionic bonding the atom loses/gains electrons but not protons. This results in a charge because the number of protons is no longer equal to the number of electrons, so the overall charge is not balanced. |
| Will a bromine ion be positively or negatively charged and why? | Negative (-1) because it is a non-metal in group 7, so will gain 1 negatively charged electron. |
| In ionic bonding, why is group 7 more reactive than group 5? | Group 7 only needs to gain 1 electron, which is easier than having to gain 3 because it requires less energy. Elements in group 5 have 5 electrons in their outer shell so they need to gain 3. |
| Why is francium more reactive than lithium? | -Francium is bigger and has more shells than lithium. -That means the electron in its outer shell is further from the nucleus and has less energy. -Because it is a metal it has to lose this electron, and the electron is easier to lose with less energy. |
| How many electron pairs are in N2? | 3 |
| Give an example of an ionic bond | -MgO (magnesium oxide) -NaCl (sodium chloride) -KI (potassium iodide) |
| Do group 4 elements form ions? | No, elements in group 4 mostly form covalent bonds instead of ionic bonds. |
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