Flashcards
Unit 4- India
Cards in this deck (55)
- 1Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa2 village civilizations along the Indus River
-Unpredictability (Indus River)
-Farming and Irrigation civilizations (location)
-Powerful Government (ruled by religion)
-Cities= carefully planned, monumental buildings
-Classism= Rich vs Poor (See Aryans)
-Land is abandoned in 1900 and 1200 BCE. Why? - 2Indus River's UnpredictabilitySince the Indus river was unpredictable, much like that of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the people living here experienced flooding and soil erosion much like those from Mesopotamia
- 3Theocracy/ Powerful GovernmentTheocracy- priests rule for the gods
-note: in the Indus Valley civilizations, the government's power came from religion; theocracy - 4Why was the Indus Valley Abandoned?-Landslides?
-Climate change?
-Aryan Invasion (!!!!) - 5The AryansPeople who moved through the Kyber Pass and into the Indus Valley
-1500 BCE (Vedic Epoch)
-Enforce Caste System (Benefit for them?)
-Indians = Dravidians
-Adept to Indian Culture
-Affect Hinduism (Gods)
-Extend rule to Northern India - 6Indus Valley Civilization (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa)the people who lived in the first Indian Civilizations
-Mesopotamian Influence
-Farmed (Cereal Based)
-Trade w/ Asia (by way of routes) - 7The Vedic EpochThe years lasting from 1500 to 500 BCE in which the caste system evolved
-driving force: Aryans
-note: named after the vedas - 8DravidianA term referring to those the Aryans conquered
- used to describe those living in the Indus Valley - 9VedasAncient oral epics that serves as historians main source of knowledge about the Aryans
ex: Rigveda- depicts the Aryans as violent and war loving - 10Castea social unit that dictates one's lifestyle
-Refined by the Aryans - 11BrahminsThe priests of Aryan civilization, this class was one that was made for pure blooded Aryans (upper hand)
-possess sacred knowledge, taught Vedas
-made sacrifices (to the gods)
-Sudras= slaves to the Brahmins - 12KshatrijaThose with the warrior status in the the Aryan Civilization, this class was also gave Aryans the upper hand
-note: purpose shifts to governing later - 13VaishayaThe most numerous of the classes, included farmers, traders, and freemen
-Dravidian class - 14ShudrasThe peasants farmers of the Aryan Civilization
-Dravidian Class - 15Pariahs aka UntouchablesThose who were not even included in the caste system and were treated poorer than animals
-the "out castes" - 16HinduismAn ever changing religion influenced and challenged by many other religions
-Karma and Dharma
-Jati
-Gods (polytheistic/monotheistic), Aryan influence
-Adheres to Caste System - 17Brahmanism aka Vedic Hinduismthe earliest form of Hinduism
-highly ritualistic
-Brahmins had the power (why?) - 18KarmaThe notion of order and "rightness"
-served as a way to be reincarnated into a higher class (good karma vs bad karma)
-resembled Maat (Egyptian concept) - 19Dharma"duty" that one has to obey to the rules of their caste
-morals based on caste - 20Brahmanthe impersonal life force, "the creator"
-all powerful, all knowing - 21ShivaThe destroyer and creator
-Incarnations:
-Kali
-Ganesh
-note: contradiction? why or why not?
- 22Kali and GaneshKali- represented fertility, sexualized, violent and destructive (portrayal of women)
- Ganesh- elephant head, represent business, Dying in Benares leads to nirvana
- 23VishnuThe preserver, protects people from natural disasters
-Incarnations;
-Krishna
-Rama (PSR pg 79)
- 24The Ramayana (Prince Rama)-Rama= reincarnation of Vishnu
-Rama looses wife, goes on a quest
-Vali and Sugreeva; Monkey King
-Lesson: Rules apply to you no matter what - 25Aryan Influenced GodsAgni= God of Fire
Varuna= presider of the universe
Indra= God of storms - 26Reincarnationthe rebirth of the soul into a new body
-seen in Hinduism
-Moksha
-The Wheel of Life
-Hinduism: reincarnation, could lead too climbing castes (good karma) - 27Mokshathe release from the Wheel of Life, the end that Hindus strive for.
-the end of individuality, soul absorbed by Brahman - 28The Laws of Manuteachings from Hindu India that tells the rulers how to become "perfect:
-enforces gender roles and caste division
-priests= important (sacrifices)
-pg 49
-PSR 75 - 29The ArthashrastraThe earliest known and most important written work on the art of managing state affairs.
-Supposed work of Kautilya (Chandragupta's advisor)
-supports espionage
-king= all powerful, yet obeys Brahmins?
-ruler= dispensable
-Bureaucracy- choices are made by state officials and Autocracy- one person has all the power
-Agriculture and trade= essential, why? - 30Buddhism-Siddharta Gautama
-Eightfold path
-Nirvana
-2 Branches
-Is the caste system important?
-Differs and challenges Hinduism
-Spreads to China and Japan - 31Siddharta Gautama aka BuddhaThe founder of Buddhism who gave up his social caste to become enlightened
-563-483 BCE
-Challenges Hinduism
-PSR pg 50 - 32Four Noble Truths1) Life has Pain (everything is painful)
2) Desire causes pain (is it possible to not want?)
3) Don't be too passionate (why?)
4) Follow the 8 fold path
-PSR pg 38
-How does this differ from Hinduism? (WANT) - 33The 8 Fold PathThe path one must follow to achieve nirvana, or spiritual bliss. It promotes living "right" and the Four Noble truths.
-PSR pg 38 - 34Buddism vs Hinduism-Caste does not matter (B)
-Democratic Religion; includes males and females (B)
-No Priest; political upheaval (B)
-note: what would be some reasons that woman wouldn't join Buddhism? - 35Theravada aka "The narrower vehicle"one of the two branches of Buddhism that formed after Buddha's death.
-promotes monasteries
-strict
-"purer" form of Buddhism
- Popular in Sri Lanka and Cambodia - 36Mahayana aka the "larger vehicle"the second branch of Buddhism that formed after Buddha's death.
-liberal
-Buddha= guidelines not instructions
-Many ways to salvation
-Popular in Vietnam, China, Korea, and Japan - 37The Mauryan DynastyA brief time of rule after Alex and G invades India.
-People are United
-2 prominent leaders
-Trade
-War
-Religion
-Empire ends in 232 BCE - 38Chandragupta MaruyaThe first king of the Mauryan Empire
-Trade ( Ganges and Bay of Bengal)
-War (conquered Greeks, $$$ funded)
-Diverse population (ATTEMPTS to unify)
-Taxes (no rebellion, why?)
-Bureaucracy, followed the Arthashastra closely
-Benevolent despotism
-note: period after his reign Hindu Brahmans are challenged - 39Expansion under Chandragupta MauryaChandragupta ruled from North India to West of the Indus and East of the Ganges
-conquered land - 40KautilyaThe shady yet clever advisor to King Chandragupta who is thought to have written the Arthashastra
-Arthashastra= guide to political theory - 41AshokaThe third king of the Mauyran Empire
-Battle of Kalinga (war)
-Introduces morality and practicality (non violent)
-Infastructure (hospitals, clinics, rest stops, roads)
-Prakit (standardized language)
-Trade (Spreads Buddhism)
-Art (Ashkoa's Pillars) - 42Battle of Kalinga-Ashoka invades Kalinga
-Kalinga= last independent kingdom
-Long and bloody war, 100,000 dead 150,000 captured
-Kalinga becomes part of the Mauryan empire - 43Who did Ashoka maintain trade with during his rule of the empire? What religions did he keep in touch with?During his reign, Ashoka maintained trade with Syria, Macedonia, Cyrene, and Egypt.
The main religion affiliated with Ashoka was Buddhism (non-violence, peace and morality) but he maintained peace with Janisim and Hinduism (Brahmanism) - 44Life in the Maruyan Empire-Taxes (CM)
-Diverse Peoples (CM)
-Bureaucracy
-Castes were unimportant (A)
-Morality and Compassion incorporated into government (A)
-Peace and little war (A)
-Buddhism, one of the religions (A) - 45Women in Ancient India-Laws of Manu (portrayal and rules surrounding them)
-Patriarchy (affect of the Aryans)
- Goddesses (Kali)
-Buddhism vs Hinduism (which gives women more freedom?) - 46SatiThe widows suicide, the practice when a Hindu widow throws herself into her husbands pyre
-Why was this established? How did this affect the role of women? - 47PurdahIsolation from all males not related to a woman.
Why was this established? Are there principles similar to this today? How did this affect the view of women? - 48Jatithe subclasses of the caste system
-many subscripts
-divides the classes even further - 49India's IsolationThe Indus Valley civilizations were around the Hindu Kush Mts. and the Himalayas. These mountain ranges were difficult to cross and offered geographical protection.
-But the Aryans?? - 50JainismA polytheistic religion that is believed to be a branch of Hinduism but it is not.
-Lord Mahavira= founder
-Dietary restrictions= vegetarian
-Nonviolence and being content, everything has a soul
-Great Vows and Guiding Principles
-Karma (good vs bad) and reincarnation
-Main goal= reaching Moksha
-challenges Hinduism - 51Lord MahaviraThe founder of Jainism who abandoned his warrior class to become a wandering teacher.
-500-600 BCE
-Believed that everything had a soul
-WHO DOES HE REMIND YOU OF? - 52Are Buddhism and Jainism similar? How? What about Hinduism and Jainism?Buddhism and Jainism= similar
-Nonviolent
-Are against desire
-Both challenged Hinduism
-8 Fold Path and 3 guiding principles
-Four noble truths 5 Noble Vows
-Different sections
Hinduism and Jainism= similar
-Karma and reincarnation
-Moksha
-Importance of Caste system
-Polytheistic - 535 Mahavartas1. Ashima (non-violent, everything has a soul)
2. Non-attachement to Possessions
3. No Lying
4. No stealing
5. Sexual Restraint
-Jainism - 543 guiding principlesRight belief
Right knowledge
Right Conduct - 552 Sects of JainismDigambara; only men where liberated, monks live with nothing
-note why were women not liberated?
Svetembara; Monks own bare bone essentials
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- Flashcards on Unit 4- India , created by ReMo on 18/11/2015.
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