Rhetorical Terms

Question	Answer
Abstract	refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images ( ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places). The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language.
Ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."
Allegory	an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface of the story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric.
Alliteration	repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are close to one another: Mickey Mouse; Donald Duck; Daffy Duck; Suzy Sells Seashells
Allusion	a reference to a well-known person, place, or thing from literature, history, etc. Example: Eden, Scrooge, Prodigal Son, Catch-22, Judas, Don Quixote, Mother Theresa
Analogy	Comparison of two similar but different things, usually to clarify an action or a relationship, such as comparing the work of a heart to that of a pump. An analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. Ex: Running a business is like managing an orchestra.
Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
Anecdote	a short, simple narrative of an incident; often used for humorous effect or to make a point.
Annotation	Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical data.
Antithesis	the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs. Examples: "To be or not to be..." Shakespeare's Hamlet "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country...." Kennedy
Aphorism	a short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life. Examples: "Early bird gets the worm." "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
Apostrophe	the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction Ex: "For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel. Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
Argumentation	writing that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation
Assonance	repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh/fade,
Asyndenton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.
Cacaphony	harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony.
Caricature	descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or a facet of personality.
Colloquialism	a word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)
Coherence	quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle
Concrete language	Language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities.
Connotation	implied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind.
Consonance	repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong
Conundrum	a riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; it may also be a paradox or difficult problem
Deduction	the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example
Denotion	literal meaning of a word as defined
Description	the picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse
Diction	word choice, an element of style; it creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise than street slang.
Didactic	writing whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. The work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns. This type of writing may be fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
Discourse	spoken or written language, including literary works; the four traditionally classified modes of ____________ are description, exposition, narration, and persuasion.
Dissonance	harsh or grating sounds that do not go together
Dramatic Irony	When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfictional character's perception of a situation and the truth of that situation.
Emotional appeal	When a writer appeals to readers' emotions (often through pathos) to excite and involve them in the argument.
Epigraph	the use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Hemingway begins The Sun Also Rises with two quotations. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.
Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text.
Euphamism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common saying for "he died."
Euphomy	a succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony
Example	An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern.
Explication	The art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. It usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
Exposition	the immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot; also, explanation; one of the four modes of discourse
Extended metaphor	a sustained comparison, often referred to as a conceit. The extended metaphor is developed throughout a piece of writing
False Analogy	When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them.
Figurative Language	language that contains figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal.
Figures of speech	expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations.
Foreshadowing	the use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs late in the work
Freight-train	Sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by conjunctions.
Generalization	When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping generalizations occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some.
Genre	a type of literary work, such as a novel or poem; there are also subgenres, such as science fiction or sonnet, within the larger genres
Hubris	the excessive pride of ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings of impending doom, eventually causing his or her downfall.
Humor	anything that causes laughter or amusement; up until the end of the Renaissance, humor meant a person's temperament
Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis (Example: He was so hungry he could have eaten a horse.)
Image	A word or words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the sense. An image is always a concrete representation.
Imagery	words or phrases that use a collection of images to appeal to one or more of the five senses in order to create a mental picture
Induction	the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization
Inference	a conclusion one can draw from the presented details
Interior monologue	writing that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's head
Invective	a verbally abusive attack
Inversion	reversing the customary (subject first, then verb, then complement) order of elements in a sentence or phrase; it is used effectively in many cases, such as posing a question: "Are you going to the store?" Usually, the element that appears first is emphasized more than the subject.
Irony	a situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected.
Jargon	The special language of a profession or group. The term usually has pejorative associations, with the implication that jargon is evasive, tedious, and unintelligible to outsiders.
Logic	the process of reasoning
Logical fallacy	a mistake in reasoning
Lyrical	Songlike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination.
Metaphor	a figure of speech in which one thing is referred to as another; for example, "my love is a fragile flower"
Metonymy	a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using "the crown" to refer to a monarch ; Also, "The pen is mightier than the sword."
Mode	the method or form of a literary work; the manner in which a work of literature is written
Mood	similar to tone, it is the primary emotional attitude of a work (the feeling of the work; the atmosphere). Syntax is also a determiner of this term because sentence strength, length, and complexity affect pacing.
Moral	The lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story. It can also mean a heavily didactic story.
Motif	main theme or subject of a work that is elaborated on in the development of the piece; a repeated pattern or idea
Narration	the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse
Negative-Positive	Sentence that begins by stating what is NOT true, then ending by stating what is true.
non-sequitor	Latin for "it does not follow." When one statement isn't logically connected to another
Objectivity	an impersonal presentation of events and characters. It is a writer's attempt to remove himself or herself from any subjective, personal involvement in a story. Hard news journalism is frequently prized for its objectivity, although even fictional stories can be told without a writer rendering personal judgment.
Onomatopoeia	the use of words that sound like what they mean, such as "hiss," "buzz," "slam," and "boom"
Oversimplification	When a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument
Oxymoron	a figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases, such as "wise fool," bitter-sweet," "pretty ugly," "jumbo shrimp," "cold fire"
Pacing	the movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another
Parable	a short tale that teaches a moral; similar to but shorter than an allegory
Paradox	a statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning, as in this quotation from Henry David Thoreau; "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude."
Parallelism	the technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form. Ex (from Churchill): "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields."
Parody	a work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements. . It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous. It depends on allusion and exaggerates and distorts the original style and content.
Pathos	an element in experience or in artistic representation evoking pity or compassion. . Over-emotionalism can be the result of an excess of pathos.
Pedantic	a term used to describe writing that borders on lecturing. It is scholarly and academic and often overly difficult and distant
Personofication	the attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or an inanimate object
Persuasion	a form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse; language intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion.
Point of View	the perspective from which a story is presented
Polysyndeton	Sentence which uses and or another conjunction (with no commas) to separate the items in a series. Polysyndeton appear in the form of X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of a series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton.
Protagonist	the main character of a literary work
Red Herring	When a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue
Reductio and Absurdum	the Latin for "to reduce to the absurd." This is a technique useful in creating a comic effect and is also an argumentative technique. It is considered a rhetorical fallacy because it reduces an argument to an either/or choice
Regionalism	an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot
Repetition	Word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity
Rhetoric	the art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse; Rhetoric focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create felicitous and appropriate discourse.
Rhetorical modes	exposition, description, narration, argumentation
Rhetorical Question	one that does not expect an explicit answer. It is used to pose an idea to be considered by the speaker or audience.
Sarcasm	harsh, caustic personal remarks to or about someone; less subtle than irony
Satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.
Setting	Time and place of a literary work
Simile	a figure of speech that uses like, as, or as if to make a direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities; for example, "The sky looked like an artist's canvas."
Speaker	the voice of a work; an author may speak as himself or herself or as a fictitious persona
Stereotype	a character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality; a conventional patter, expression or idea.
Straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak. Setting up a straw man diverts attention from the real issues.
Style	an author's characteristic manner of expression - his or her diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to style
Subjectivity	a personal presentation of events and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions
Syllogism	A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. It consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Ex: Major: All tragedies end unhappily. Minor: Hamlet is a tragedy. Concl: Therefore, Hamlet ends unhappily.
Symbolism	the use of symbols or anything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance
Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, such as using "boards" to mean a stage or "wheels" to mean a car - or "All hands on deck."
Syntactic Fluency	Ability to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length.
Syntactic permutation	Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved. They are often difficult for a reader to follow.
Syntax	the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence. It includes length of sentence, kinds of sentences (questions, exclamations, declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, simple, complex, or compound).
Theme	the central idea or "message" or a literary work
Thesis	the main idea of a piece of writing. It presents the author's assertion or claim. The effectiveness of a presentation is often based on how well the writer presents, develops, and supports this.
Tone	the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.)
Transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.
Tricolon	Sentence consisting of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.
Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.
Unity	quality of a piece of writing (also see coherence)
Voice	refers to two different areas of writing. One refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active and passive voice). The second refers to the total "sound" of a writer's style.

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