425867
Description
Flashcards by Chantelle Lin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chantelle Lin
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| silicious sponge reef | located on continental shelf off coast of BC in Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound. first described 91 by scientists. 9000 yrs old. cover and habitat for rockfish, lingcod, sea cucumbers, crabs, shrimps, octopi |
| glass sponge reef phys properties | covers ~1000km2. interlocking gloss-like structures, grow up to 21m in water up to 255m deep. |
| measures to protect reef | 2002-voluntary measures failed to protect, DFO closed Hecate Strait to bottom trawling |
| bottom trawling | scooping up bottom-dwelling species using 1-tonne gear, cause most severe ecological damage of all fishing in Canada. damaged ~50% of reefs |
| threats to glass sponge reefs | fishing operations, cable and pipeline installation, ocean dumping, gravel extraction, oil and gas dvlpmnt. Cdn Parks and Wilderness Society trying to secure as MPA under Canada's Oceans Act, which would enable the reefs to attain World Heritage Site status |
| Canada's Ocean Strategy | based on principles of sustainable dvlpmt, integrated mgmt, precautionary principle |
| West Coast Vancouver Island Aquatic Mgmt Board | cooperative initiative designed to progress agenda intermas of integrated mgmt activities on Pacific Coast |
| DFO 70's 80's | emphasize production regimes, exploitation pressure->90's declines in value and production of fish and sea products |
| natural uncertainties in oceans | ocean-atmospheric interactions that result in temp change, salinity, acidity, rising sea lvls, ozone depletion |
| % of stocks monitored by UN Food and Agriculture Org depleted, overexploited, or fully exploited | 76% |
| threats to inland (freshwater) fisheries | loss, degradation, and fragmentation of habitat, pollution, alien invasive species |
| fed legislation, policy, and programs to protect Canada's fishers | research on fish stocks, monitoring catches, est fishing quotas, conservation areas, co-management agreements w Aboriginals, restructuring and adjustmnet programs, habitat protection and restoration |
| Canada's Oceans Strategy | Released under the Ocean's Act 2002 in response to shortcomings of regulatory measures and failing ocean health, complexity, conflict. All Canadians share responsibility for achieving objectives in ocean governance. DFO committed to est institutional mechanisms (ex committees, mgmt boards), to work collaboratively with fed dept and other govt lvls. promote stewardship, public awareness. involvement of all govt lvls, Aboriginals, businesses, academia, ngos, citizens. direct involvement for Cdns. decisions should be governed by sustainable dvlpmt, integrated mgmt, precautionary approach |
| who manages fisheries | 1867 constitution act- fed govt manages in public interest. Fisheries Act (1868)- conservation and protection of marine and freshwater fish and habitat. (ammendments- spec habitat protection, pollution prevention) |
| statutes guiding DFO | Oceans Act (97), Fisheries Act (revised 96), Species at Risk Act (2002) |
| DFO's 2005-10 Strategic Plan, Our Waters, Our Future | sets out corporate objectives, integrated approach to planning. vision to provide excellence in service to Cdns to ensure sustainable dvlpmt and safe use of Cdn waters |
| focus of Strategic plan | dvlpmt, use, economy, ex fishing, aquaculture, oil and gas, navigation, ecotourism, forestry and urban dvlpmt |
| Shea's comments | 09 budget-supporting dvlpmt and growth, economy, maximization of net income |
| DFO's Program Activity Architecture | 1)safe and accessible waterways 2)sustainable fisheries and aquaculture 3)healthy and productive aquatic ecosystems |
| effects of restructuring ex license buybacks, quota programs | fewer small-scale operators, vertical integration, incr aquaculture, shifts in wild harvest, inr social welfare, fishers retraining, leaving, not entering industry, concentration of wealth, political action |
| main receivers of Cdn fisheries exports | 85% to US, Europe, China, Japan |
| recreational fishing | 3.2 million anglers=$7.5 billion |
| what UN things is Canada signatory to? | UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (82), UN Food and Agricultural Organization's 95 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries- Canada is responsible for safeguarding interests of fisher-dependent communities through stewardship of fishery resources adjacent to communities, providing preferential access to local fishers (esp sm), protecting rights of fishers to livelihood |
| characteristics of Canada's ocean estate | longest coastline, lgst archipelago, second lgst continental shelf, |
| UNCLOS | intl regime giving legal powers and obligations to coastal states to manage and apply sound principles of resource mgmt to world's oceans |
| 6 maritime zones that make up Canada's ocean estate | internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, high seas |
| the area | additional maritime zone beyond continental shelf that UNCLOS has id'd as common heritage of humankind. no one state has sovereign rights; managed through Intl Seabed Authority. objective to share benefits derived from mineral resources w dvlping nations. |
| baselines | used to make measurements of sea, set at low-water mark |
| Internal waters | All marine areas seaward of the baseline are considered "offshore" and all marine areas landward of the baseline are considered "internal waters." Internal waters are generally treated the same way as land territory, the coastal state has full sovereignty over them. All lakes, rivers and harbours are internal waters (and some bays) |
| Territorial sea | Areas of the sea - 12 nautical miles measured seaward from the baselines The coastal state has sovereign rights over the territorial sea. Sovereignty extends to the airspace, seabed and subsoil. Canada’s territorial sea has a surface area of approximately 0.2 million square kilometres |
| Contiguous zone | 24 nautical miles from the normal baseline Buffer zone - to prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations |
| Exclusive Economic Zone | 200 nautical miles from the baselines Within the EEZ, a coastal state has sovereign and jurisdictional rights over exploration and management and economic exploitation of living and non-living resources in the waters above the seabed, in the seabed and beneath the seabed. Canada’s EEZ has a surface area of approximately 2.9 million square kilometres. |
| Continental Shelf | comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea 200 nm - the maximum limit is 350 nautical miles from the baselines |
| High seas | The high seas is the area beyond the EEZ. No state has sovereignty or jurisdiction over the high seas. |
| Integrated Management Plan | Stage 1: Define and assess the Management Area Stage 2: Engage Affected Interests Stage 3: Develop the Integrated Management Plan Stage 4: Endorsement of Plan by Decision-Making Authorities Stage 5: Implement the Integrated Management Plan Stage 6: Monitor, Evaluate, Report and Revise |
| Stage 1: Define and assess the Management Area | identifying and scoping the issues and priorities to be addressed by the planning process, and the interests and parties who need to be involved. An important consideration at this stage is ensuring that all involved parties have access to the information such as: an assessment of the current health of the ecosystem and its resource base; ecological, social and economic use considerations; and pressures and issues associated with existing or potential human use activities. |
| Stage 2: Engage Affected Interests | participation of a diverse range of parties national, regional and local management authorities; Aboriginal organizations and communities; coastal and ocean industries and resource user groups; non-governmental organizations; community groups individual citizens; and representatives from the academic, scientific and research community |
| Stage 3: Develop the Integrated Management Plan | Recommended16 key considerations to consider in Integrated Management plan development Conflict resolution techniques: using knowledge-based decision making to dispel misunderstandings; providing factual information and applying principles that support Integrated Management; identifying ecosystem-based management objectives and thresholds; developing predictive models that enable scientists to assess the cumulative impacts of multiple activities before these impacts occur; identifying unique and sensitive habitats and resources; and integrating natural, social and traditional knowledge. |
| Stage 4: Endorsement of Plan by Decision-Making Authorities | Federal, provincial and territorial government departments, local and Aboriginal authorities will continue to be responsible within their respective jurisdictions where appropriate. The difference is that all participants agree to carry out respective responsibilities in accordance with the plan |
| Stage 5: Implement the Integrated Management Plan | The Oceans Strategy suggest set of actions for successful implementation of IMP Participants in the Integrated Management planning process will need to use their respective powers and resources to achieve plan objectives. |
| Stage 6: Monitor, Evaluate, Report and Revise Integrated Management Plan | Once a plan has been implemented, it needs to be monitored so that appropriate steps can be taken to ensure the process remains on track. Another necessary part of the process is taking corrective action when necessary. |
| Canada's federal marine protected areas network is comprised of three core programs: | Marine Protected Areas, Marine Wildlife Areas, National Marine Conservation Areas |
| Marine Protected Areas | established by Fisheries and Oceans Canada under the Oceans Act to protect and conserve important fish and marine mammal habitats, endangered marine species, unique features and areas of high biological productivity or biodiversity. |
| Marine Wildlife Areas | established by Environment Canada to protect and conserve habitat for a variety of wildlife, including migratory birds and endangered species. |
| National Marine Conservation Areas | established by Parks Canada to protect and conserve representative examples of Canada's natural and cultural marine heritage, and to provide opportunities for public education and enjoyment. |
| reasons for protection in MPAs | (a) the conservation and protection of commercial and non-commercial fishery resources, including marine mammals, and their habitats; (b) the conservation and protection of endangered or threatened marine species, and their habitats; (c) the conservation and protection of unique habitats; (d) the conservation and protection of marine areas of high biodiversity or biological productivity; and (e) the conservation and protection of any other marine resource or habitat as is necessary to fulfil the mandate of the Minister. |
| Large Ocean Management Area (LOMA) | are marine regions established for planning purposes. LOMAs are typically hundreds of square kilometres in size. Their boundaries are determined using a combination of ecological and administrative considerations. |
| LOMAs | Pacific (Pacific North Coast) Central and Arctic (Beaufort Sea) Atlantic (Gulf of St. Lawrence) Eastern Scotian Shelf (Placentia Bay/Grand Banks) |
| Four-Step Process to Managing LOMAs | Initiate the planning process Delineate the eco-region Define the planning area/team Inform and report on the area Ecosystem overview and assessment report Social, economic and cultural overview and assessment report Set management objectives for the area Conservation objectives Social, economic and cultural objectives Develop and implement an integrated-management plan for the area Implement management measures, monitor, report |
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