Neuroscience

Question	Answer
dermatome	area of skin innervated by sensory neurons arising from a spinal nerve (think dermatome chart)
gray matter	cell body clusters, membrane of neuron has gray color
white matter	fatty insulation that wraps around axons
interneuron	short neurons within the spinal cord
projector neurons	neurons that travel long distances
reuptake is the process in which...	NT molecules are taken back into a transmitting neuron after they have been released into the synapse.
deactivation aka _______, is the process in which...	deactivating enzymes change the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor.
besides deactivation and reuptake, NT can be stopped by the process of _______ in which...	diffusion, the neurotransmitter drifts out of the synaptic cleft where it can no longer act on a receptor.
depolarization makes it ______ likely that an action potential will fire. While hyperpolarization makes it _____ likely.	more, less
when a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron is ______ in comparison to the outside	negative
the action potential is created by a __________ current	depolarizing
temporal summation deals primarily with _________ while spacial summation deals with ______	timing, location
in regards to spacial summation, the biggest action potential is produced when....	inputs sum together by arriving at the same point
the choriod plexus is derived from _________ and produces __________.	pia mater, cerebral spinal fluid
choroid plexus is found within _________	ventricles
epigenetic factors influence.... and can be....?	how genes are expressed and can be environmental
the NS works by...	juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
Presynaptic membrane contains _______ that will receive ______________	receptor molecules that will receive chemical messages
the synaptic cleft separates which two structures	the presynaptic terminal and the post synaptic dendritic spine
synaptic vesicles are ____ in shape and contain __________	round, neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles are stored in which structure?	the storage granule
the postsynaptic receptor is the site in which...?	neurotransmitters bind
neurotransmitter synthesis can occur in either the ________ or the _________	cell body or the nerve terminal
peptide is a...	string of amino acids
peptide transmitters are more _______ and must be synthesized in the ______ before transport	complex, cell body
when an action potential reaches a voltage sensitive terminal it....	opens Ca++ channels
Ca++ molecules that enter the cell will bind with _______.	calmodulin
vesicles are made up of a _______ as well as ______	lipid bilayer, embedded proteins
ionatropic receptors function by... and thus allow...	“opening” or “closing” a channel that would allow smaller particles to travel in and out of the cell
metabotropic receptors do not have a _______	channel
metabotropic receptors function by...	linking to a “G-protein.” Once activated, the G-protein activates another molecule.
an influx of Ca++ in a cell will cause a NT to...	bind to a site on a postsynaptic membrane
_____ potential causes the signal to maintain size	action
if a signal is big enough by the time it reaches the ________, then...	axon hilock, another signal will be sent out
after the action potential, the membrane potential will go into a period known as what...?	refractory period
the refractory period causes ____ channels to _____	Na+ channels to close
what structure buffers the membrane of an axon from extracellular fluid?	myelin sheath
signals are _____ by ______ in extracellular fluid	propagated by sodium in
nodes of Ranvier	gaps between sections of myelin
myelin definition and function	fatty insulation around many axons that helps ensure proper communication between neurons
difference between multipolar neuron and multipolar interneuron	both have many poles, interneuron processes info locally, not over long distances
3 functional categories of neurons	sensory, motor, interneuron
interneurons associate ____ and _____ activity in the ____. They have lots of dendrites in order to ______ and ______ info.	associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS and have lots of dendrites to receive that info and process it
motor neurons send signals from the _____ and the ____ to the _______.	brain and the spinal cord, to the muscles
the axons on motor neurons are ______ so that they can....	long, transfer info over long distances
5 types of glial cells	ependymal, astrocyte, microglial, oligodendroglial, schwann
schwann cells can form ____ of myelin	one bead
a oligodendroglial cell can form ____ of myelin.	multiple beads of myelin
the neuronal membrane seperates _______ from _______	extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid
the head of a phosolipid bilayer is ___________ meaning it has ______ regions.	hydropholic, polar
the tail of the phosolipid bilayer is ________, meaning it has ______ regions.	hydrophobic, no polar regions
the phosolipid heads will ______ to water, while the fatty acid tails will _______ to water.	bind, not bind
the nucleus contains _______ and _______	chromosomes and genes
the mitochondrion functions by...	gathering, storing and releasing energy
the endoplasmic reticulum consists of folded layers of membrane in which ________ are assembled	proteins
the golgi body's purpose is to...	package proteins for transport
lysosomes contain ______, which function by...	enzymes, break down proteins that are no longer of use
this structure is like the skeleton of a cell and give it structure	microfilaments
tubules _____ molecules and contribute to helping the cell maintain its ______	transport, shape
mRNA is necessary because it relieves DNA from having to________.	leave the cell
one strand of gene serves as a template for...	transcribing a molecule of mRNA
when mRNA leaves the nucleus, it comes in contact with _____ inside the _______.	ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes link ______ together in an order specified by the ____	amino acids, mRNA
the primary structure of a protein is...	long strings of amino acid
the secondary structure of a protein is either a _______ or a _______.	pleated sheet or a helix
the tertiary structure of a protein involves the folding of _____ and _____ to form a _____.	sheets and helices in order to form a protein
the quaternary structure of a protein involves the combination of _______ to form a _______ _______.	proteins to form a complex protein
Ultimately, proteins may end up in one of three destinations which are...	incorporation into the cell membrane, remain in the cell and act as an enzyme, or be excreted by the cell via exocytosis
concentration gradient involves...	molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equally distributed
electrostatic gradient is driven by the ________ of a molecule and causes molecules to flow ______ their electrostatic gradients until charges are equally distributed	electro property, down
proteins have an overall ______ charge and are most concentrated ______ the cell.	negative, inside
Anions are _____ charged. Cations are _____ charged.	negatively, positively.
the typical charge inside of the cell relative to the outside of the cell is ____ mV.	-70mV
the voltage difference of a cell will be greatest ________ to the membrane	closest
at rest ___ leaks through open channels	K+
how is balance restored when a cell is at rest	Na+ and K+ pumps
co-transport implies...	the simultaneous transfer of ions across membranes in a fixed ratio.
countertransport implies	simultaneous transport of two substances across a membrane in opposite directions
(at rest) K+/NA+ pumps out __ NA+ for every __K+	3 NA+ for every 2 K+
postsynaptic potential involves the _____ and ___ of ion channels	opening and closing
in order for a channel to be opened, what takes place?	chemicals are released from the terminal button of another neuron that then attach to the protein channel causing it to open
when NA+ is moved through a newly opened channel into the cell, the membrane potential will change from ___ closer to ___.	-70mV to 0mV
excitatory post synaptic potential	The neuron starts out with a negative charge, but the excitatory postsynaptic potential makes this charge more positive.
If there are enough __________, the neuron will send a signal to other cells.	excitatory postsynaptic potentials
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	changes the charge of the neuron to make it more negatively charged.
___________makes the neuron less likely to send a signal to other cells.	inhibitory postsynaptic potential
hyperpolarization	more negatively charged ions are brought into a membrane with an already negative charge
movement of ____ ions out of the membrane, and ___ in to the membrane results in hyperpolarization	K+, Cl-
postsynaptic potential occurs at the ______ and ______ of a neuron	dendrites and cell body
postsynaptic potential is induced at _______________.	chemically gated ion channels
the signal is largest at the point in which ___________	it was first initiated
3 features of postsynaptic potential	passive conductance, decremental, vary in size as a function of the incoming chemical signals
decremental conduction	delay or failure of propagation of an impulse in the neuron resulting from progressive decrease in the rate of the action potential as it spreads through the neuron
passive potential	the electric current generated decays with distance and time, and is generally restricted to the area stimulated
3 types of meninges	dura mater (tough mother), arachnoid mater (spider mother), pia mater (soft mother)
Tissues located within the _____ continuously secrete CSF	ventricals
the total volume of CSF is equivalent to about _____________ and is overturned ___ times a day	1 can of soda, 4
Hydrocephalus	enlargement of the head due to accumulation of CSF which will then press a soft infant skull apart
blood brain barrier is intended to...	protect the brain's blood supply by altering the permeability of brain capillaries
capillaries in the brain lack _____ ____. This forces substances to come through the _____.	intercellular space, membrane
capillaries are wrapped in ___ ____.	glial cells
who discovered the Golgi stain?	Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi suggested the nerve net hypothesis which states...	NS consists of a net of nerves all tied together throughout the body
Who discovered dendritic spines?	Santiago Cajal
Santiago Cajal suggested the neuron hypothesis which states...	neurons are separate and individual entities
cell membrane function	semi-permeable membrane that encloses the neuron
dendrite function	receive most of synaptic contact from other neurons
cell body function	metabolic center of the neuron
axon hilock location and function	cone shaped region at junction of axon and cell body. Critical in communication within neuron
axon purpose	transmit electrical signals of post synaptic dendrites away from the cell body
buttons definition and function	ending of axon branches which release chemicals into the synapse
Dualism (Descartes)	behavior is the function of a non-material mind and a material body
In regards to the theory of Dualism, what role did the pineal gland play?	controlled the flow of ventricular fluid through the muscles
Materialism (Darwin)	behavior and perception are the function of activity in the nervous system
2 major cell types	neurons and glial cells
why did muscles and the NS evolve simultaneously?	muscles and the NS respond and recieve info from one another
organisms with a nerve net characteristics (3)	Image: nerve_net (image/jpg)
organisms with a segmented nerve trunk are organized how?	bilaterally symmetrical
ganglia	clusters of cell bodies and neurons that resemble and function somewhat like a brain
notochord	flexible rod that runs down the length of a back, (in humans) replaced by vertebrae at birth
why is cross organization of the brain helpful	it is an adaptive measure
Mentalism	behavior is a function of a nonmaterial mind

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