4357247
Description
Flashcards by Calum Mooney, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Calum Mooney
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name 4 structures on which antigens are found | Body's own cells Foreign cells Cells infected by pathogens Toxins released by pathogens |
| Describe how vaccinations work | Create an immunological memory to a particular antigen/pathogen |
| State three examples of control measures of infectious disease | Drug therapy Immunisation Preventing transmission (or a combination of these) |
| Name the structure found on a lymphocyte which allows them to combine with only one antigen | Membrane receptor |
| State 2 features of a vaccine which must be determined by clinical trials before the vaccine can be licensed for use | Safety and efficacy |
| What do epidemiologists study? | The outbreak and pattern of infectious diseases |
| State two effects brought about by histamine at the site of infection | Increased capillary permeability Vasodilation of small arteries (arterioles) |
| Describe what is meant by herd immunity | The immunisation of a large percentage of a population against a particular disease |
| Describe how natural killer (NK) cells destroy pathogens | Cause viral infected cells to produce self-destructive enzymes and die by apoptosis |
| Explain why non-immune individuals are protected in herd immunity | There is a lower probability they will come into contact with infected individuals |
| Explain why groups are compared at the end of a trial | To determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the groups |
| Describe how phagocytes destroy pathogens | Recognise antigens on surface of pathogen and destroy pathogen by phagocytosis |
| Name the molecule produced by B lymphocytes which recognise specific antigen surface molecules on pathogens or toxins | Antibodies |
| State 3 responsibilities of individuals in controlling the spread of infectious disease | Care in sexual health Good hygiene Appropriate storage/handling of food |
| Some T and B lymphocytes survive long term as which type of cell following exposure to a particular antigen? | Memory cell |
| Name the type of white blood cells which may become memory cells following an antigen response | T and B lymphocytes |
| Describe what is meant by epidemic occurrence of infectious disease | Unusually high number of cases in an area |
| By which process can active immunity be developed with antigens from infectious pathogens? | Vaccinations |
| Name two types of cell which release cytokines during the non-specific immune response | Phagocytes and natural killer cells |
| The action of which system allows the body to protect itself against pathogens, toxins and cancer cells? | Immune system |
| Suggest 3 reasons why herd immunity may be unsuccessful | Malnutrition Poverty Vaccine rejected by percentage of population |
| Name the type of white blood cell which induces virally infected cells to die by apoptosis | Natural killer cells |
| Name a pathogen which directly attacks the immune system | HIV |
| Which type of white blood cell accumulates at the site of infection during the inflammatory response? | Phagocytes |
| What do HIV and AIDS stand for? | Human immunodeficiency virus Acquires immunodeficiency syndrome |
| Describe what is meant by antigenic variation | Pathogens change their antigens to avoid the effect of immunological memory |
| During which type of response is histamine released? | Inflammatory response |
| B lymphocytes respond to an antigen which normally possesses no threat. What name is given to this condition? | Allergy |
| Describe how T lymphocytes distinguish between the surface molecules of the body's own cells and potentially harmful cells | T lymphocytes have specific surface proteins |
| Describe what is meant by sporadic occurrence of infectious disease | Occasional occurrence of disease |
| Name the type of white blood cell which produces antibodies | B lymphocytes |
| Suggest why the influenza virus remains a major public health problem and requires yearly vaccination of at risk individuals | Influenza was able to carry out antigenic variation to change its antigens therefore avoiding the effect of immunological memory |
| T lymphocyte response to self antigens causes which type of disease? | Autoimmune disease |
| Name the structure recognised by phagocytes on the surface of a pathogen | Antigen |
| Explain why groups in a clinical trial must be of suitable size | To reduce the magnitude of experimental error |
| Which type of cells are involved in immune surveillance? | White blood cells |
| Describe the process of clonal selection | Antigen binding leads to repeated lymphocyte division resulting in a clonal population of lymphocytes |
| State 3 possible ways in which spread of infectious disease can be controlled | Quarantine Antisepsis Individual responsibility Community responsibility Vector control |
| Name the process by which NK cells destroy virally infected cells | Apoptosis |
| Name the type of white blood cell which releases histamine | Mast cells |
| State 3 responsibilities of communities in controlling the spread of infectious disease | Safe food webs Quality water supply Appropriate waste disposal systems |
| Describe how antigen presenting cells are formed | Phagocytes capture pathogen and display fragments of its antigens on its surface |
| Name the substance produced by mast cells during the inflammatory response | Histamine |
| Name 2 chemical substances which are delivered to the site of infection during the inflammatory response | Clotting elements Antimicrobial proteins |
| Vaccinations may include weakened pathogens. Which other form of pathogens may be present in a vaccine? | Inactivated pathogen toxins Dead pathogens Parts of pathogens |
| The threshold for herd immunity depends upon which 3 factors? | Contact parameters of the population Type of disease Effectiveness of vaccine |
| Which term describes the immunisation of a large percentage of the population? | Herd immunity |
| An unusually high number of cases of an infectious disease across the globe may be described as... | Pandemic |
| Explain why adjuvants are included in vaccnations | To enhance the immune response |
| Describe the possible actions of an antibody on a pathogen | Inactivate pathogen Render pathogen more susceptible to phagocytosis Cause cell lysis |
| During which process does antigen binding lead to repeated lymphocyte division? | Clonal selection theory |
| Compare first and second exposure to a particular antigen | Secondary exposure leads to a greater and more rapid immunological response |
| Describe how TB avoids immune detection | Survives within phagocytes |
| State the role of cytokines | Stimulate specific immune responses |
| Describe the role of B lymphocytes in the specific immune response | Produces specific antibodies that will recognise a specific antigen surface molecule on a pathogen or toxin Produce clones of B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies |
| State 3 methods of transmission of infectious disease | Direct physical contact Food Water Vector organisms Inhaled air Body fluids |
| Describe what is meant by a 'double-blind' trial' and why this is an essential design feature | Neither the subjects nor the physicians know which group has received the trial vaccine or the placebo Eliminates bias |
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