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Description
Flashcards by kaitlynkx20, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by kaitlynkx20
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Evolution | A change in species over time |
| What are the types of evolution? | Geological and organic |
| What is geological evolution? | Changes in the Earth |
| What is organic evolution? | The evolution of species and populations |
| What provides evidence for evolution? | -Geological records -fossils -comparative anatomy -comparative embryology -comparative biochemistry -comparative cytology |
| What are geological records? | Data to support Earth's evolution. |
| What is a fossil? | Remains in whole or part format of organisms. |
| What are some ways that fossils are preserved? | -sedimentary rock -amber -ice -tar -footprints (mud) |
| What are the ways of dating fossils? | -radioactive carbon dating -layers of sedimentary rock |
| What is comparative anatomy? | a process that compares bones and organs of different organisms. |
| What are homologous structures? | Common structures in organisms that prove common ancestry. |
| What are analogous structures? | Structures in organisms that are very different and prove no common ancestry. |
| What is adaptive radiation? | Organisms that come from a common ancestor but form separate niches due to environmental change. |
| What is comparative biochemistry? | compares how similar the DNA molecules are of different organisms. |
| What is comparative embryology? | Comparing of organisms in the womb from 1-10 weeks. |
| What is comparative cytology? | comparing of cell structure. |
| What did Lamark believe? | He believed in use and disuse. He believed that species only had traits they needed. He believed in acquired characteristics. |
| What did Weisman do? | Weisman proved Lamark's ideas on evolution wrong. |
| What did Darwin believe? | -natural selection -survival of the fittest |
| What does the theory of natural selection include? | 1. overproduction 2. Struggle for existence 3. Survival of the fittest 4. Transmission of favorable traits |
| What is overproduction? | All organisms do their niche which is to find food, shelter, avoid predators and reproduce. |
| What is struggle for existence? | limiting factors: -competition -out of food -space -disease |
| What is survival of the fittest? | Only organisms with favorable traits will survive |
| What is transmission of a favorable trait? | To obtain a favorable trait through sexual reproduction (creates variation) and mutation (a change in DNA) |
| What are vestigial structures? | Ancestors used these structures which we have but do not have any use for. |
| What is a phenotype? | Physical traits that are visible. |
| What is an allele? | A gene for a contrasting trait. |
| What is a genotype? | Genetic makeup. |
| What does homozygous mean? | Both alleles are dominant. |
| What does heterozygous mean? | One allele is dominant and one is recessive |
| What is a gamete? | Sex cells with half the number of chromosomes from each parent. Egg and sperm cells. |
| What are somatic cells? | Body cells. These cells have twice the number of chromosomes when compared to gametes. |
| What is the law of dominance? | When crossing 2 homozygous alleles, the dominant trait will always appear in the phenotype of the offspring |
| What is the law of segregation? | The recessive trait can appear in the offspring depending on the sorting and recombination of the alleles. |
| What is co-dominance? | Both alleles are present |
| What is incomplete dominance? | Blend of alleles |
| What are sexlinked traits? | traits attached to the sex chromosomes (attached to X only) |
| What is the Hardy-Weinburg Equillibrium? | A theory that described a stable non-evolving population in which allele frequency doesn't change. |
| What needs to happen for a population to be stable? | -The population size must be large -The population must be isolated from other populations -there must be no mutations -mating must be random -no natural selection |
| What is point mutation? | Is one of the bases in DNA is different. |
| What is genetic drift? | change in the gene pool due to chance. ex: the bottleneck effect, the founder effect |
| what is the bottleneck effect? | caused by natural disasters. results in a loss of genetic variation. |
| What is the founder effect? | When a small population breaks away from the original population to colonize a new area. |
| What is gene flow? | The movement of alleles into and out of a population. |
| What is divergent evolution? | Occurs when a population becomes isolated from the rest of the species and becomes exposed to new selective pressures, causing speciation. |
| What is convergent evolution? | when an organism inhabit the same selective pressures but are not related. analogous structures |
| What is co-evolution? | Evolution in 2 interacting in species, mutual evolution. |
| What is parallel evolution? | Two related species that have similar environmental adaptation but live in different parts of the world. |
| What is gradualism? | small slow changes over time. |
| What is punctuated equilibrium? | Quick rapid changes over long periods of time. The actual rate of evolution. |
| What is stabilizing natural selection? | There are no extremes, almost every organism is on average. |
| What is disruptive natural selection? | Only mostly extremes are present. |
| What is directional natural selection? | When one extreme shifts to another. |
| What are naturally resistant organisms? | Some organisms are evolved to resist some selecting agents. |
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