4473009
Description
Flashcards by Josefina Gonzalez, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Josefina Gonzalez
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| WHAT IS PRECISION? | means that you are consistent with your results, time after time |
| WHAT IS ACCURACY? | obtaining correct results in lab tests |
| WHAT IS SPECIFICITY? | DISEASE FOCUSED AND MEASURES THE PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT THE CONDITION BEING TESTED FOR, WHO WILL HAVE A NEGATIVE TEST |
| WHAT IS SENSITIVITY? | WELLNESS FOCUSED AND THE MORE SENSITIVE A TEST IS THE FEWER NEGATIVE RESULTS IT PRODUCES |
| WHAT ARE STANDARDS? | ARE MATERIALS WHICH CONTAIN ACCURATELY DETERMINED CONCENTRATION OF AN ANALYTE THAT ARE USED TO EITHER CONFIRM A TESTING METHOD VALIDITY, OR TO MAKE SURE AN INSTRUMENT READS CORRECTLY |
| WHAT IS A CALIBRATOR? | AN INSTRUMENT ALLOWS EVERY UNKNOWN PATIENT SAMPLE OR CONTROL TO BE ANALYZIED FROM A MEASURED STARTING POINT |
| RANDOM ERRORS OCCUR WHEN? | EXTREMELY SMALL VARIABLES IN TESTING THAT ARE NOT EASILY MANAGED, SUCH AS STRICKLY DEFINED SAMPLE SIZE OR EXACT PIPETTE DELIVERY OR INNAPROPRIATELY COLLECTED SPECIMEN IS USED FOR TESTING |
| RANDOM ERRORS AFFECT? | THE PRECISION OF A TEST |
| SYSTEMIC ERROR OCCURS WHEN? | SOMETHING ALTERS THE TESTING PROCESS, CAUSING ALL RESULTS TO BE BIASED; WHEN IMPROPER STANDARDS ARE USED OR A DIRTY LENS IS PRESENT IN A MEASURING DEVICE; |
| SYSTEMIC ERROR AFFECTS? | BOTH PATIENT RESULTS AND CONTROL MEASUREMENTS, MAKING IT MORE DIFFICULT TO DETECT AND IS SOMETIMES BROUGHT TO LIGHT BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN THE STATISTICAL MEAN ARE AN IDICATION OF A SYSTEMIC ERROR AND MUST BE INVESTIGATED |
| WHAT IS INTERNAL QC? | USUALLY INVOLVES TESTING COMMERCIALLY-PURCHASED MATERIALS AND COMPARING THE RESULTS TO KNOWN VALUES; USED FOR IMMEDIATE DECISIONS; |
| WHAT IS EXTERNAL QC? | AKA PROFICIENCY TESTING; EVALUATES A LABS TESTING RESULTS BY COMPARING THEM TO THOSE OF SIMILAR LABS; SPECIALLY PREPARED SPECIMENS ARE OBTAINED BY MULTIPLE LABS FROM PROFICIENCY TESTING PROGRAM SPONSORED BY PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, SUCH AS CAP AND AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONS OF BIOANALYSTS |
| WHAT SHOULD THE EXTERNAL QC EVALUATION REPORT SHOW? | NUMBER OF LABORATORIES COMPRISING THE PEER GROU; COMPARATICE MEAN OF THE GROUP FOR THAT PARTICULAR ANALYTE; THE LABS PERFORMANCE COPARED TO THE PEER GROUP; WHETHER THE PERFORMANCE WAS SATISFACTORY OR UNSATISFACTORY |
| WHATS THE STANDARD DEVIATION CALCULATION? | ? |
| WHAT DO VALUES OUTSIDE OF THE REFERENCE RANGES INDICATE? | NOT ONLY AN ABNORMALITY IN THE PATIENT, BUT ALSO A PROBLEM WITH THE TEST RESULTS; 1 OUT OF 5 WILL BE OUT OF THE 2+/- STANDARD DEVIATION |
| WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED METHODS FOR DOCUMENTATION? | LEVEY-JENNINGS CONTROL CHART OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE L-J CHART |
| HOW TO AVOID PROBLEMS AFFECTING QC INCLUDE? | CLEANING; MAINTENANCE; |
| THE FIRST THING (CORRECTIVE ACTION 1) TO DO WHEN THE QC IS WRONG? | RERUN THE CONTROL THAT IS OUT OF RANGE; RANDOM ERRORS IN SAMPLING MAY BE RESOLVED BY SIMPLY RUNNING THE TEST AGAIN USING THE SAME CONTROL AND A FRESH TESTING DEVICE |
| WHAT IS THE SECOND THING YOU DO IF THE PROBLEM IS NOT CORRECTED? | CHECK YOUR REAGENTS AND CONTROLS; MAKE CERTAIN ALL LOT NUMBERS AND EXPIRATION DATES OF REAGENTS AND CONTROLS USED IN THE TESTING PROCESS ARE CURRENT; VERIFY THAT THE RECOMMENDED STORAGE CONDITIONS WERE FOLLOWED |
| WHAT IS CORRECTIVE ACTION 3? | RUN THE CONTROL USING A NEW, UNOPENED BOTTLE OF CONTROL; IMPROPER STORAGE MAY HAVE ACCELERATED THE DETERIORATION OF THE ORIGINAL CONTROL OR TESTING MATERIAL MAY HAVE EXPIRED |
| WHAT IS CORRECTIVE ACTION 4? | REVIEW CALIBRATION OF THE TEST INSTRUMENT; TEST INSTRUMENTS NEED TO BE CALIBRATED ACCORDING TO THE MANUFACTURERS INSTRUCTIONS OR MORE FREQUENTLY IF NECESSARY; FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS CALL OF FOR ANALYTIC TESTS TO BE RECALIBRATED AT LEAST EVERY SIX MONTHS TO VERIFY THE ACCURACY OF THE TESTING PROCEDURE |
| WHAT IS CORRECTIVE ACTION 5? | CALL THE TEST MANUFACTURER FOR ADVICE; MANUFACTURERS HAVE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THAT MAY HELP RESOLVE QC PROBLEMS; SPECIMENS SHOULD BE STORED PROPERLY FOR LATER TESTING IF THE PROBLEM CANNOT BE RESOLVED |
| what does urine color and clarity indicate? | glomerular bleeding; liver disease; inborn errors of metabolism; UTI; or renal tubular dysfunction |
| Variations in color of urine are caused by? | metabolic function; physical activity; ingested materials; pathologic conditions |
| when would myoglobin be seen in urine? | extreme physical activity that causes hemoglobin in muscles to be released |
| What is the normal color of urine? | straw to amber |
| what is the cause of colorless urine? | recent fluid consumption |
| what is the cause of pale yellow urine? | polyuria or diabetes insipidus (with normal or low specific gravity)/diabetes mellitus (with high specific gravity) |
| Dark yellow urine cause? | concentrated specimen; dehydrated |
| amber/orange urine cause? | bilirubin is not normal in urine; liver disease; certain meds (acriflavin - green, pyridium - orange, nitrofurantoin, phenindione) |
| yellow/green to yellow/brown urine cause? | seen with the conversion of bilirubin to biliverdin or vice versa |
| green - blue/green urine causes? | pseudomonas infection (bacteria)PATHOLOGIC; certain meds (amitriptyline - for migraines, robaxin - muscle relaxer, clorets - dye, indican (for bacterial infections), methylene blue - dye, phenol - disinfectant) |
| pink/red urine causes which are pathologic? | RBC's, hemoglobin, myoglobin, porphyrins |
| pink/red urine causes? | beets/blackberries, rifampkin, menstrual comtamination |
| what causes a black or brown urine which are pathologic? | oxidized RBC's to methemoglobin; methemoglobin; alkaptonuria (metabolic disorder); melanin or melanogen (should not be in urine) |
| black/brown urine causes non pathologic? | phenol derivatives, argyrols (antiseptic), methyldopa or levodopa, petronidazole (flagyl) |
| purple urine is caused by? | indican - medication; PATHOLOGIC: kiebsiella or providencia spp. (bacterial infections) |
| what is urochrome? | a product of endogenous metabolism; if your dehydrated you will see more in urine; it will also be increased in thyroid conditions, fasting, and in urine that is left standing |
| what is uroerythrin? | (pink) evident in specimens that have been refrigerated (amorphous urates); urates (crystals) are normal but form when refrigerated |
| what is urobilin? | (orange/brown) pigment caused by oxidation product of urobilinogen; color is produced when the specimen is not fresh (more than 2 hours) |
| clarity is? | the transparency or turbidity of a specimen |
| to determine clarity, how many ml are minimum? | 10 ml |
| what are pathologic causes of turbidity? | RBC's, WBC's, bacteria, yeast, nonsquamous epithelial cells, abnormal crystals, lymph fluid, and lipids |
| what are nonpathological causes of turbidity? | squamous epithelial cells, mucus, amorphous, phosphates/urates and other normal crystals, semen, spermatozoa, fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcium powder, and vaginal creams |
| what is seen with acidic urine (6 or less)?? | amorphous urates; radiographic contrast media |
| what is seen with alkaline urine? | amorphous phosphates, carbonates |
| what is soluble with heat? | amorphous urates, uric acid crystals |
| what is soluble in dilute acetic acid? | RBC's, amorphous phosphates, carbonates |
| what is insoble in dilute acetic acid? | WBCs, bacteria, yeasts, and spermatozoa |
| what is soluble in ether? | lipids and lymphatic fluid (chyle) |
| what is specific gravity? | assesses the kidneys ability to reabsorb (tubular function); also detects dehydration and abnormalities in ADH; can be used to determine whether or not specimen concentration is adequate to ensure accuracy of chemical tests |
| what is the definition of specific gravity? | the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature; it is influenced by the number of molecules present and the size of the molecules |
| what is a urinometer? | very inaccurate; requires large volume of urine (10-15ml); temperature, glucose, and protein readings have to be corrected |
| how do you correct readings on a urinometer for temperature? | subtract or add 0.001 for every 3 degrees the specimen is below or above the calibrated temp of the urinometer |
| how do you correct readings on a urinometer for protein? | subtract 0.003 for every gram of protein present |
| how do you correct readings on a urinometer for glucose? | subtract 0.004 for every gram of glucose present |
| Calibrated temp: 20 C Urine Temp: 35 C Protein: 1 g Glucose: 2 g Specific Gravity: 1.025 | correct for temp: 1.025 + 0.005 = 1.030 correct for protein: 1.030 - 0.003 = 1.027 correct for glucose: 1.027 - 0.008 = 1.019 |
| refractometer is? | uses small quantities (1-2 drops); temperature corrections are not necessary, as the temp is automatically compensated for when it is between 15 C and 38 C BUT corrections for high protein and glucose concentrations should be made |
| refractometer calibration involves? | distilled water: 1.000 5% NaCl: 1.022 +/- 0.001 or 9% sucrose: 1.034 +/- 0.001 run 2 levels of quality control every time |
| what is harmonic oscillation densitometry? | based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution will change in proportion to the density of the solution; the yellow iris (an automated) urinalysis analyzer) uses this method to determine specific gravity |
| what is the reagent strip method? | measures the pKa (chemical property) changes of a polyelectrolyte |
| isosthenuric means? | sg normal: 1.003-1.035 sg median is 1.010 |
| hyposthenuric sg means? | less than 1.010 specimen is probably not urine |
| hypersthenuric sg means? | greater than 1.035 diabetes mellitus, excessive solutes excreted patients receiving IVs of high molecular weight substances (dextran plasma expanders, ect.); excretion of injection radiographic dyes, as in IVP |
| aromatic urine odor indicates? | normal |
| Foul, ammonia like urine odor indicates? | bacterial decomposition, UTI |
| fruity, sweet urine odor indicates? | ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting) |
| maple syrup urine odor indicates? | maple syrup urine disease |
| mousy urine odor indicates? | PKU |
| rancid urine odor indicates? | tyrosinemia |
| sweaty feet urine odor indicates? | isovaleric acidemia |
| cabbage urine odor indicates? | methionine malabsorption (metabolic disorder) |
| bleach urine odor indicates? | contamination |
| the protein chemical reaction on the phenomenon is known as? | protein error of indicators |
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