Anthropology 154BN

Question	Answer
Five reasons why we should study Primates	1.Biological/Evolutionary interest 2. To better understand ourselves 3. To aid conservation efforts 4. To help protect primates 5. They are interesting to us
What is an a priori prediction?	a priori predictions come before/prior to the fact, like a hypothesis.
true or false: Correlation equals causation	False. Correlation does not equal causation
How do primates serve as an UMBRELLA in conservation?	Primates have large home ranges, so if you save enough land for one species you also save many other species that reside in the same area of land.
How often do Orangutangs give birth? How important is each individual member?	Orangutangs give birth every 8 years. If one member dies, it brings the entire species 10 years closer to extinction.
What is the most likely way that Platrryhines entered the New World(central and south America)?	There was an oceanic dispersal(transporting from one land to another through raft or tree floating in the sea) 30-50 million years ago
All darts hit one area, but not on the dart board.	this is precise but inaccurate.
All darts hit the same area and on the dart board.	accurate and precise
All darts hit the dart board but in different areas.	accurate but imprecise.
The darts do not hit the dart board and are all over the place.	Inaccurate and imprecise.
True or False: The size of brains is all primates are the same.	False, some primates have very small brains while others(humans) have larger brains.
True or false: Under a comparative study we can uncover broad primate behavior patterns.	True.
What is evolutionary Ecology?	The study of how ecology (the ecosystem) shapes the evolution of an organism.
What does it mean when we say science is empirical based, impartial, and falsifiable?	It means that science is based on evidence acquired by observation or experimentation. Science is impartial because it relies on fact and is not biased. It is falsifiable because it is able to be proven false.
This type of plant grows in the tropics. It starts out as an epiphyte that grow downward into the soil and eventually engulf the host tree, which dies.	hemiepiphytes
Which of the following is not a generalized characteristic of primates? A. Prehensile Tail B. Shortened snout C. Underdeveloped olfaction D. Eyes rotated forwards	Not all primates have a Prehensile tail (example: humans). All primates have shortened snouts, underdeveloped smell, and forward rotating eyes.
True or False: Plant Masting(plants giving nuts all at once) is related to El Nino(warming of the ocean).	True.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Prosimii?(lemurs, lorises, galagos) A. wet nose B. tooth comb C. grooming claw D. post orbital enclosure	Prosimii only have a post orbital bar, but it is not enclosed like it is in Anthropoides.
Explain in a few words what zoochory is.	The mechanism by which seeds are dispersed by animals.
In terms of seed dispersal, Anemochory serves as what kind of mechanism?	Dispersal of seeds, fruits, or other plant parts by wind.
Do all primates have grasping hands and feet? Opposable thumbs?	Yes, these are both characteristics that help define what makes a primate.
What are the benefits from having eyes rotated forward in primates?	Binocular vision is gained, as well as depth perception.
true or false: Anthropoides have wet noses and longer snouts.	False. Anthropoides have smaller dry noses.
Where in world can you find Catarrhini?	Catarrhini are Old world monkeys so they can be found in Africa and Asia.
Where in the world can you find Platarrhini?	Platyrrhini are New world monkeys and can be found in Central and south America.
True or false: Catarrhini(Old world monkeys) have the dental formula 2123?	True. their counterparts, the Platyrrhini have a 2133 dental formula.
True or false: Cercopithecoidea have bilophodant molars while Hominoidea have Y-5 Molars	True!
What are leaf eaters in Africa called? Taxonomy	Colobus monkeys are the leaf eaters found in Africa
What are the leaf eaters called that can be found in Asia?	Langurs
What does the primary diet of red leaf monkeys(Maroon Langur) consist of? (think about it.......) Also, what is their primary mating/social system?	red leaf monkeys eat.....(drumroll).....Leaves! and seeds. They are Polygynous.
What are the five families that can be found in the superfamily Hominoidea?	Hylobatidae, Gorilla, Pongo, Pan, Homo
What Families make up the great apes and where can we find them in the world?	Gorillas, Orangutangs, chimps and bonobos. (Gibbons are considered lesser apes) they are found in Borneo, Africa and Asia.
True or False: Primates live in the tropics	True. The tropics are defined between 23 N and 23 S geographically.
What are the Six defining traits of the tropical rainforest?	1. They are Megadiverse in plants and vertebrates. 2. they are specialized. 3. they are understudied and unknown. 4. the soil is very poor. 5. they are disappearing very fast. 6. they have BIG vegetation.
What are Epiphytes?	Plants that grow on other plants and get nutrients from the air. an example is an orchid
in terms of seed dispersal, what does Barochory do?	The dispersal of seeds, spores, or fruit by gravity alone. (Baro- barometer)
What is Hydrochory?	The dispersal of seeds, spores, or fruit by water. (Hydro)
Explain what phenology is?	The study of how plant and animal life cycles are influenced and changed by the climate(weather)
Why is the preservation of non-human primates important for ecology?	Primates are a keystone species, the provide an umbrella of resources for other species and protecting them will indirectly save many other species.
List and describe 4 out of the 7 discussed characteristics:	Be able to write this out!!
T/F: Primates generally have longer lives compared to other mammals?	True!
T/F: Haplorrhines have a reflective layer behind the retina called the tapetum lucidum?	False, strepsirrhines have a tapetum lucidum and haplorrhines have a fovea.
Large primates generally have larger groups than smaller primates	True
Among the Hominoidea, which species is the most sexually dimorphic?	Pongo (Orangutans). males have body mass 2.2 times greater than females
What are the 4 reasons we should study primates?	1/ General biological and evolutionary interest 2. better understand ourselves 3. aid general conservation 4. to better protect them
what is an umberalla species?	when protecting an umbrella species other species are protected indirectly because of the large area the umbrella species takes up.
T/F: all scientif measurements have associated error	true
TRUE/FALSE? More efficient travelers should leave patches more quickly.	True
True or False? A new item of a primates diet is added if it is LOWER in net energy than the net energy of the normal diet.	False. If the food has a higher net energy the animal will benefit highly from this new item and want to include it in the diet, it if is lower than the net energy than the primate will lose more by adding it.
TRUE//FALSE? Optimal Foraging theory assumes that animals forage in a way to maximize their E/T(Net rate of energy uptake)	True. we assume that all animals evolved to increase their E/T
TRUE/FALSE? According to the diet breadth model Feeding and Searching are mutually exclusive.	True. In the diet breadth model these two things are mutually exclusive because While you are searching for food you are not eating, and while you are eating you are not looking for food. One thing at a time
In an environment with ____ _____Patches, the primate will spend LESS time per patch. (HIGH/LOW QUALITY)	HIGHER QUALITY
true/false: Sumatra in general, has much more food available then Borneo.	True. Sumatra indeed has more food available
When do climbers (trees that attach onto other trees) become an important food source in relation to the forest type of trees that mast?	During the crunch period climber trees (unfavored) are eaten more regularly than the masting style plants, like figs that are no longer available.
What are the four ways that seeds can be dispersed?	1. Anemochory (by the wind) 2. Barochory (by gravity) 3. Hydrochory (by water) 4. Zoochory (by animals)
what are the 3 characteristics that Primates have that distinguish them from other animals? (derived traits away from mammals)	All acceptable answers: Stereoscopic vision, grasping hands and feet, opposable thumbs, tatile pads on fingers and toes, at least one nail, large complex brains, underdeveloped sense of smell, shortened snout, long life history, less offspring.
Do folivores thrive in peat swamps? yes/no	Peat swamps have waterlogged soils that prevent the dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing creating very acidic peats. This low nutrient environment causes plants to grow slowly and invest heavily in defenses to avoid being eaten by folivores.
In the context of seed dispersal systems, what does hydrochory mean?	Dissemination (dispersal) of seeds by water.
True/false: New world monkeys and old world monkeys share a common dentition formula	False: NWM have 2.1.3.3. and OWM have 2.1.2.3.
What are 2 differences between the primates in the infraorders platyrrhini and catarrhini (OWM vs NWM)	1. (location) and 2. (dentition) ~also 3. (nose shape) Platyrrhines are found only in South America, have 2133 dental formula, or have round nostrils and Catarrhines are found in Africa and Asia, have 2123 dental fomula, or have narrow nostrils.
According to the geographical definition, the tropics can be defined as all of the following except: A) 23°N to 23°S of the equator B) Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn C) Having an average temperature above 64°F D) A cold place E) Having variable rainfall, although usually averaging 100mm of rain each month	D, the tropics have a very warm climate year round, it is not considered very cold at all.
True/False: Primates have a short juvenile period compared to other mammals	False, primates have a long juvenile period compared to other mammals
What are some advantages of forward-facing eyes?	binocular vision, increased depth perception, can track prey more easily
Describe the various ways in which seeds can be dispersed and how animals, such as primates, contribute to the process.	Seeds can be dispersed in a variety of ways, including wind, gravity, water, and animals. Animals, like primates, can disperse seeds by transporting them on their fur or by consuming them. Often times the fruit will be a specific color depending on what type of animal it wants to be eaten/ dispersed by.
In what range are the tropics found in? A. Near the Equator B. Above the Tropic of Cancer (23* 27' N) C. Between (23* 27' N) and (23* 27' S) D. Above Tropic of Capricorn (23* 27' S)	C. The tropics are found between 23'27" N and 23'27" south
Which of these is not a form of seed dispersal? a. Anemochory b. Hydrochory c. Biochory d. Barochory e. Zoochory	C. Biochory is not a form of seed dispersal.
Which of the following characteristic(s) describe primates within the infraorder Catarrhini? a. are located within the Asian and African continents b. have a 2133 dental formula c. have narrow nostrils d. both b and c e. both a and c	E. OWM are located in africa and asia, and have a narrow nostril while NWM have a 2.1.3.3.dental formula
What is one characteristic of tropical forests? a. Rich soil b. Very poor soil c. little diversity d. well studied	B. Contrary to popular belief, the tropical forests have some of the worst soil conditions.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a primate? a) stereoscopic vision b) post-orbital closure c) pentadactyl d) tactile pads on the toes and fingers e) complex brain	B. POC. All primates have a post-orbital bar, but the prosimians do not have post-orbital closure.
true/false: The crown of a tree includes roots.	False: The crown specifically refers to the parts of the tree that are above ground.
What two primate species are the closest relative to humans?	Answer: Chimpanzees and bonobos
Which of the following are common characteristics of the primates in the suborder Anthropoidea? A: Smaller noses, All nails, and post orbital closure B: Dry noses, tooth comb, and all nails C: Smaller noses, post orbital closure, and grooming claw D: Dry noses, no tooth comb, and longer snouts	A: Smaller noses, All nails, and post orbital closure
The poor soil quality in peat swamp forests has driven some plant species to invest heavily in herbivory defense mechanisms. This is one of the reasons that peat swamps are described as _______ quality habitats. a. high b. low c. average	B. Peat swamps are usually low quality habitats. (very acidic)
True or false: Hemiepiphyte plant species are always parasitic.	False. Though hemiepiphytes absorb nutrients through the ground and can potentially take nutrients away from the trees they live on, not all species are parasitic.
Anthropoids are divided into two categories: ____________ , which include New World Monkeys, and _____________ , which includes Old World Monkeys.	platyrrhines, catarrhines
True or false: Anemochory is the dispersal of seeds by gravity, while barochory is the dispersal of seeds by wind.	False. Anemochory is the dispersal of seeds by the wind. Barochory is the dispersal of seeds by gravity.
True or False? The Bornean white-bearded gibbon is socially polygamous and subsists primarily as a folivore.	* False * Just the opposite this type of gibbon is socially monogamous and is primarily frugivorous.
True or false: The rain forest's alarming disappearance due to the desire of agricultural growth results in a higher crop yield for farmers because of the rain forests abundance of rich soil.	False, the rain forests soil is rich because of the decaying greenery from the trees. No trees=no rich soil.
True or False: There are no exceptions to the Jarman-Bell Principle.	False. the 'folivore paradox' is one exception.
Species adapt to processing ______ rather than preferred foods.	A. Fallback foods.
T/F: Staple fallback foods are utilized only during a period of fruit scarcity but which never comprise 100% of the diet.	False. There are two types of fallback foods, staple and filler. This description matches a filler fallback food not a staple fall back food.
Name one vitamin that is water soluble:	Vitamin B OR Vitamin C
T/F: Plant secondary compounds (i.e. tannins) are involved in plant metabolism, growth and reproduction.	False.
What is an example of a plant secondary compound? What is its function?	Tannins can be one example. It bind proteins rendering them indigestible.
What are the 2 components of primate food?	1. Nutrients (good stuff) and 2. Anti-feedants (bad stuff)
Leaf monkeys have teeth with __________, specialized for chewing leaves a) low, rounded cusps (for grinding) b) high, sharp cusps, with thin enamel c) high, sharp cusps, with thick enamel e) sharp incisors	B. high, sharp cusps, with thin enamel
What aspect of the gut is especially important for digesting gums?	The cecum is enlarged to help break down and digest gums in gummivorous primates.
What is the purpose for secondary compounds in plants?	For protection against herbiovry from animals/insects etc.
Which of the following is a bad source of primate food consumption? A) Macronutrients B) Toxins C) Micronutrients D) Digestion inhibitors E) Both B and D	E. Toxins and Digestion inhibitors are both bad sources of primate food consumption
What is Zoochory?	Zoochory is seed dispersal by animals.
What are three main sources of protein for primates?	meat, insects, leaves
Thin molar enamel and high cusps are characteristic of what kind of eater? a. Leaf b. Insect c. Gum d. Fruit	Leaf eaters (a)
What is 1 characteristic of gum eaters?	They have a tooth comb (lower incisors) that they use to chew through bark and obtain the gum/sap.
What are leaf eating primate's guts characterized by?	enlarged intestines, stomach, and cecum containing microorganisms to help break down the cellulose and deal with harmful secondary plant compounds.
Smaller primates can handle toxins better than larger primates. Why?	This is because smaller primates have a faster metabolism and can break down the toxins faster than larger primates. Also, larger primates have to eat more portions to gain enough energy; therefore, larger primates will be eating more of the toxins than smaller primates. There is also the problem of biomagnification, where there are higher concentrations of toxins in organisms higher up in the food chain, which tend to be larger organisms.
A primate's digestive tract is primarily influenced by its (preferred food/fallback food)	Fallback food
Plants want to deter animals from eating A. leaves B. seeds C. fruit D. all of the above E. A and B Plants want to deter animals from eating A. leaves B. seeds C. fruit D. all of the above E. A and B	Answer: E (plants want animals to eat their fruit)
T/F Is there such a thing as a 100% frugiverous monkey?	False
Short answer: What are fallback foods?	Fallback foods are foods that are eaten when preferred foods are unavailable.
What polysaccharides are used for structural functions? A. Chitin B. Starch C. Cellulose D. A and C E. B and C	D. Chitin and Cellulose
In relation to the Jarman-Bell Principle, explain why an insect-eating primate would more likely be found as a solitary animal in comparison to a grass-eating primate. (SHORT ANSWER)	The Jarman-Bell Principle primarily addresses why larger bodied primates tend to live in larger groups. One specific aspect this principle refers to is primate diet. Lower quality food is more abundant whereas higher quality food is more rare. Insects are considered a high-quality food source, and because high quality food sources are so rare, insectivores would prefer to live in solitary conditions to insure they are able to reap the benefits of this food source. Grass-eating primates are consuming a low-quality food source that is rather common and can sustain a larger number of primates at once because of its availability.
Why are primate species adapted for processing their fallback foods and not their preferred foods? A. There are more toxins in fallback foods that primates need to be able to process. B. Historically, their fallback foods used to be their preferred foods. C. Typically, preferred foods are easy to process and do not require specialized processing abilities. D. Both A and C.	C. Typically, preferred foods are easy to process and do not require specialized processing abilities.
Fill in the Blank: _________ (Rarely/Commonly) found in mature leaves, unripe fruits, and seeds, ________ (toxins/tannins/anti-feedants), are metabolically cheap and will _______ (reduce/increase) digestibility	Commonly, tannins, reduce
Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin that primates need to acquire from their diet? A. Vitamin E B. Vitamin B C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin A	B. Vitamin B is a water-soluble vitamin.
T/F species are specially adapted to processing preferred foods.	False. Species are specially adapted to fallback foods, not preferred foods, because these are the only types of food available during crunch periods. If the primate isn't able to process fallback foods it is almost certainly fatal.
What is the purpose of tannins in plant matter, and how do they function? (short answer)	Tannins are a secondary compound found in leaves and unripe fruits of many plants. They deter primates from eating certain parts of a plant until advantageous for the plant itself (for example, as fruit ripens it loses its tannins). Tannins act by binding to proteins in the plant matter, rendering the proteins indigestible to the primate stomach. Thus, primates generally avoid consuming tannins.
Why are primates specialized to consume fallback foods, rather than preferred ones?	it would seem that primates would be adapted to consuming their preferred food. However, those foods are preferred because they are nutritious and easily consumed--meaning that they exist during more plentiful times. Selection operates much more powerfully during lean times when fallback foods are eaten. Hence, primates that are capable of consuming these unappealing, tough to digest fallback foods are the ones who survive and pass on those traits (while the primates who can eat preferred but not fallback starve to death).
What is the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients?	Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals and should be consumed in smaller amounts and are very important. Marconutirents are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and need to be consumed in large amounts. Macronutrients are very important for growth.
True or False Colobine monkeys are known to be aggressive relative to other primate species.	False
What is an example of a micronutrient? A. grass B. collagen C. vitamin A D. sunlight	C. Vitamin A is a micronutrient
Which of the following tooth adaptations differ between folivores and frugivores? a. Shearing crest height. b. Molar enamel thickness. c. Both lack incisors. d. A and B only	D. Molar enamel thickness, Shearing crest height.
What kind of individuals survive "crunch" periods (periods of resource scarcity).	Those that are adapted to eating fallback foods.
What kind of individuals survive "crunch" periods (periods of resource scarcity).	Those that are adapted to eating fallback foods.
Sharp incisors and sharp cusps corresponds to which of the following: A) Frugivores B) Folivores C) Insectivores	C. Insectivores
T/F: More efficient travelers should leave patches more quickly.	True
True or False. A new item is added to a diet if the net energy of the new item is less than the net energy of the average diet.	False. The net energy must be more for the new item than the average diets
True or False: An item that is abundant in an environment is going to be consumed by a primate.	False, abundance will not matter if net energy gained from consuming the item is not greater than the average net energy.
What is optimality theory? (short answer)	it is a set of mathematical models that maximize benefits while minimizing cost.
Name at least 2 of the marginal value theorem assumptions.	Possible answers: 1) Selection acts to maximize long-term rates of energy gain (E/T) 2) Resources are patchy on spatial scale of forager movements 3) Feeding and searching are mutually 4) Patches encountered sequentially (i.e., not simultaneously) 5) Animal behaves as though it: a) knows the average food availability in environment b) can instantaneously assess the food availability of patch 6) Patches differ in their quality (i.e., E/T)
**** True or False: The maximum benefit to cost ratio occurs when the benefit curve and the cost curve intersect.	False.
Fill in the blank: Foragers should________ when the environment is unproductive and ________ when environment is productive.	generalize, specialize
According to the Marginal Value Theorem, patch residence time depends on patch ____ and patch ____.	density, quality
True/False: It is an assumption of the marginal value theorem that within a prey type, handling and search time are constants.	False. The assumption of the marginal value theorem is that Feeding and searching are mutually exclusive.
According to the diet breadth model, a new prey item can be added into an existing diet, as long as: a. Net energy sustains daily life b. Search time is less than the search time of normal prey c. Net energy of new item is equal or greater than net energy of normal items d. a & b	C. Net energy of new item is equal or greater than net energy of normal items
A low search time and high handling time results in foragers abiding by a _ diet.	Specialist diet.
What are some reasons why many studies on primate feeding selectivity were limited? (short answer)	They were based on non-independent feeding samples, measured forest phenology poorly understand, included only chemical variable, made it hard to assess independent effects of variables, did not control for crucially important temporal variation in food availability.
Explain when an individual should be a generalist and when an individual should be a specialist. (SHORT ANSWER)	An individual should be a generalist if the average search times are long and handling times are short. An individual should be a specialist if the search times are short and the handling times are long.
What factors does patch residence time depend on?	travel time between patches, patch quality (E/T)

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