Flashcards
Chapter 17 - Inflammation and the Immune Response
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1stem cellsimmature, undifferentiated cells; produced by bone marrow
pluripotent = each cell has more than one potential outcome - 2leukocytes (WBC)protect body from effects of invasion by organisms
- 3neutrophilssegs, granulocytes. immature neutrophils = bands
nonspecific ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign protein
Segs = 62% 6200/MM^3
Bands = 5% 500/MM^3 - 4left shift (bandemia)indicates patient's bone marrow cannot produce enough mature neutrophils to keep pace with the continuing infection & is releasing immature neutrophils into the blood - no benefit b/c bands not capable of phagocytosis
more of circulating nuetrophils are bands - less mature cell found farther left on the neutrophil pathway - 5Monocytesdestruction of bacteria and cellular debris; matures in to macrophages
3% 300/MM^3 - 6Macrophagesnonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microorganisms: ingestion and phagocytosis
important to immediate inflammatory response and stimulate antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) & cell-mediated immunity (CMI) - 7basophilsreleases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage, stimulate both inflammation and inflammation of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions
0.5% 50/MM^3 - 8eosinophilsweak phagocytic action: releases vasoactive amine during allergic reactions, active against parasitic infestations
1.5% 150/mm^3 - 95 cardinal manifestations of inflammationwarmth
redness
swelling
pain
decreased fxn - 10sequence of inflammatory responsestage 1 (vascular) - change in blood vessels:
phase 1 - constriction
phase 2 - hyperemia & edema
stage 2 (cellular exudate) - neutrophilia, pus
arachidonic acid breaks down
stage 3 (tissue repair and replacement) - WBCs trigger new blood vessel and growth (angiogenesis) and scar tissue formation - 11purpose of inflammation & immunitymeet human need for protection by neutralizing, eliminating, or destroying organisms invading the internal environment
- 12self-tolerancerecognizing self versus non-self, necessary to prevent healthy cells from being destroyed with invaders
- 13Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)found on surface of most body cells
determine tissue type of person
"universal product code"
key for recognition and self-tolerance - 14antigenproteins capable of stimulating an immune response
- 15Inflammation"innate native immunity" or "natural immunity"
any natural protective feature of a person
provides immediate protection against effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins- critical to health and well being
causes visible symptoms and can rid body of harmful organisms; tissue damage may result from excessive response - 16Infectionoccurs in response to tissue injury, invasion of organism
usually accompanied by inflammation, but inflammation can occur without infection
INFLAMMATION DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN INFECTION IS PRESENT - 17Phagocytosis
- 18Antibody-mediated immunity"humoral immunity"; involves antigen-antibody interactions to neutraliz, eliminate, or destroy foreign proteins.
Antibodies produced by B-cells
B cells start as stem cells in the bone marrow, released into blood & migrate into secondary lymphoid tissue (spleen, parts of lymph nodes, tonsils, & mucosa of intestinal tract - 19Antigen-antibody Interactions1 exposure or invasion
2 antigen recognition
3 sensitization
4 antibody production and release
5 antibody-antigen binding - 20humoral immunityantibody molecules made by plasma cells are released into the blood and other body fluids as free antibody
antibody in body "humors" (fluids) - separate from b cells
Circulating antibodies can be transferred from one person to another to provide the receiving person with immediate immunity of short duration - 21adaptive immunityperson's body learns to make an adaptive response to invasion by organisms or foreign proteins
antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) type of adaptive immunity
- acquired immunity - 22active immunityoccurs when antigens enter a person's body and it responds by making specific antibodies against the antigen
ACTIVE - body takes active part in making antibodies - 23Natural active immunityoccurs when an antigen enters the body naturally without human assistance and the body responds by actively making antibodies against the antigen (influenza A virus)
MOST EFFECTIVE & LONGEST LASTING - 24artificial active immunityprotection developed by vaccination or immunization; lasts many years but smaller doses of original antigen req as booster
attenuated- antigens used for procedure specially processed to make them less likely to grow in the body - 25passive immunityoccurs when antibodies against an antigen are transferred to a person's body after first being made in the body of another person or animal
- provides only immediate, short-term protection against a specific antigen; used when person exposed to serious disease - 26artificial passive immunityused to prevent disease or death for pts exposed to rabies, tetanus, and poisonous snake bites
- 27natural passive immunityantibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or through colostrum during breastfeeding
- 28cell-mediated immunity (CMI)"cellular immunity; Tcells = killer cells (HIV)
involves many WBC actions & interactions
another type of adaptive/acquired true immunity
for total immunocompetence, CMI must fxn optimally
screwed if Tcells dont work; deadly
Protecction: helps protect body through ability to differentiate self from non-self; prevents development of cancer & metastasis after exposure to carcinogens - 29transplant rejectionhyperacute - occurs immediately; antibody mediated response
acute - within 1-3 mos, doesnt mean pt will lose organ
chronic - low level rejection; a lot of scarring, chronic inflammation; ESR CRP markers for systematic inflammation
management = immunosuppressant (risk for cancer and infection)
maint = lifelong, risk for anemia, infection
rescue therapy = monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
slow leak - not enough clotting factors or platelets
immunosuppressant given to pt to tell immune system to not reject organ - 30immune fxn is most efficent when ppll are which age?20-30 years
- 31A 37-year-old man with polycystic kidney disease is on the kidney transplant list. He is to receive 2 units of leukocyte-poor packed red blood cells to treat a low hemoglobin. He asks the nurse why he needs this type of blood. What is the nurse’s best response?“It will decrease the risk of obtaining white cells from the donor that could make it harder for your transplanted kidney to function.”
- 32True or False: Inflammation means that an infection is present.False
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- 2 Med Surg (Exam 2) Flashcards on Chapter 17 - Inflammation and the Immune Response, created by julie07 on 02/03/2016.
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