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Flashcards by shattering.illus, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by shattering.illus
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Choice theory | view delinquency behaviour as rational choice made by motivated offender who perceives chances of gain as outweighing any perceived punishment/ loss |
| classical criminology | theory that ppl have free will, to choose to commit crime for reasons of greed/need, and can be controlled only by fear of criminal sanctions |
| Cesare Beccaria | believed that crime could be controlled by criminal justice/ punishment/fear |
| Cesare Beccaria 4 basic principles | 1. Equality 2.Liberty 3. Utilitarianism 4. Humanitarianism |
| Utilitarianism | a view that believes punishment of crime should be balanced & fair, that even criminal behaviour must be seen as purposeful & reasonable |
| 4 purposes of crime | 1. prevent all criminal offences 2. convince offender to commit least serious act 3. ensure criminal uses no more force than necessary 4. prevent crime as cheaply as possible |
| the main influence of classical crime started in the | enlightenment period: 1600-1800s until modern time, declining in 20th century |
| James Wilson thinking about crime | reduce criminal opportunity by deterring would-be offenders and incarcerating known criminals |
| high-rate burglars earn | $50,000 small % of burlgars |
| crime displacement | an effect of crime prevention, efforts to control crime in one area shift illegal activities to another |
| offence-specific crime | an illegal act committed by offenders reacting selectively to characteristic of particular offence assessing opportunity/ guardianship, routine activities |
| offender-specific crime | an illegal act committed by offenders who do not usually engage in random acts of antisocial bhav, but evaluate their skills to complete crime |
| structuring criminality for deterrence | 1. criminal earrings will be low 2. attractive/legal income-generating opportunity available |
| 4 things for criminal activity | 1. location 2. target 3. skills, motivation 4. guardianship |
| routine activities theory | view of crime is function of routine activities of modern living, offences occur when suitable target is not protected |
| rational choice theory | view that crime is function of decision-making, w/h potential offender weighs costs and benefits of illegal activity |
| macro perspective | large-scale view takes into account social/ economic reasons to explain how & why things happen; relevant to Marxism and functionalism |
| Micro perspective | a small-scale view of events, looking at interaction to explain how and why things happen; relevant to interactionist studies of deviance and development |
| capable guardian routine activities theory | presence of police, homeowners, neighbors, other, has a deterrent effect on crime |
| motivated criminals rational choice theory | potential offenders in population. crime rates will vary according to # of motivated offenders |
| interactive effect on criminal | motivation, opportunity, & targets are interactive & increase the chances for a motivated criminals to act |
| instrumental crime | illegal activity, ex selling drugs, committed for purpose of obtaining desired goods that is unobtainable by conventional means |
| seductions of crime Katz | visceral & emotional appeal that situation of crime has for those who engage in illegal act |
| eliminating crime | ability to deter crime through lose of rewards = increased pain, hardship, deprivation |
| crime control based on rational choice | 1. situational Crime prevention 2. General Deterrence strategies 3. specific deterrence strategies 4. Incapacitation strategies |
| situational crime prevention | a method to eliminate/ reduce particular crimes in narrow settings, ↑ lighting & cameras |
| defensible space | principle that crime prevention can be achieved through modifying physical env. to ↓ the opportunity individuals have to commit crime |
| Ray Jeffery & Ronald Clarke Situational crime | use of lights, cameras, patrol ↓ crime |
| crime prevention 4 categories | 1. ↑effort needed to commit crime 2. ↑risks of committing crime 3.↓rewards for committing crime 4.inducing guilt/shame on crime |
| target reduction strategies routine activities | methods for reducing crime through use of locks, bars, alarms, other, analysis for risk |
| 3 types of crime guardians | 1. Monitor targets 2. handlers 3. managers |
| 6 types of crime displacement | 1. temporal -crime happen at less risky times 2. target - looks for the easiest 3. spatial - go to less-protected areas 4. Tactical - change methods to avoid security 5. perpetrator- always new offenders 6. Type of crime - take up new type of crime |
| extinction | phenomenon in w/h a crime prevention effort has immediate impact that dissipates as criminals adjust |
| diffusion of benefits | an effect that occurs when an effort to control 1 type of crime has unexpected benefit of ↓ incidence of another crime |
| discouragement | effect when efforts made to eliminate 1 type of crime also controls other types of crime by limiting access to targets |
| General Deterrence | a crime control policy that depends on fear of criminal penalties, ex long prison sentence. |
| Westray Act | criminalizes corporate inaction in cases if homicide |
| crackdown | concentration of police resources on a particular problem area, ex focusing on street-level drug dealing |
| brutalization effect | outcome of capital punishment created an atmosphere of brutality, w/h reinforces view of violence as appropriate response |
| conflict linked crime & violence | an expressive crime/ act of violence involving ppl who know each other and under influence of drugs |
| perceptual deterrence | view that percieved risk of being caught or threat of severe punishments deter active criminal offenders |
| informal sanctions | disapproval of parents, peers, neighbors directed toward offender, w/h may have ↑ crime-reducing impact than fear of formal sanctions |
| CCTV & surveillance (Closed-Circuit TV) | issues: privacy vs. safety control vs. freedom |
| RFID - radio frequency idenification | implanted in commercial products, track purchases |
| __ of criminals are drug offenders | 80% |
| emotional state of criminals leaves 2 things | 1) incapable of fearing punishment 2) less likely to appreciate consequences of crime |
| Deterrence theory 4 disadvantages | 1. some ppl act in desperation 2. offenders cut off from society, dont have resources to change 3. Speed and certainty of crime is not efficient in system. 4. subcultures may not uphold normal sanctions |
| Specific Deterrence | a crime control policy suggesting that punishment be severe; that individuals can be prevented from committing crime if cost outweighs benefits |
| ___% of 57,00 convicts (18-25yrs) had at least one previous conviction | 60% |
| 2 reasons why crime could increase reoffense | 1) punishment elicits defiance not deterrance 2) stigma of apprehension helps lock offenders into criminal career |
| Newman | embraces electro-shock as punishment b/c it is inexpensive, immediate, individualized |
| Braitewaite shame | high informal sanctions creating guilt ex Japan, Norway stigmatization + degradation |
| stigmatization | an enduring label that taints a persons ID & changes him/her in eyes of others |
| degradation | Shaming occurs when offender is branded as evil & cast out of society through a ritual exclusion ex. school hearing |
| Braithwaite reintegrative shaming | method of correction that encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame, re included in society |
| direct punishment | specific deterrence |
| indirect punishment | general deterrence |
| Incapacitation strategies | going to jail vs. fear of punishment is difficult to define |
| high incarceration rate in | 1. youth 2. lower class 3. repeat offenders |
| selective incapacitation | policy of creating enhanced prison sentences for relatively small group of dangerous chronic offenders |
| 5 reasoning why 3 strikes wont work | 1. higher age individuals 2. sentences for violent crimes are severe 3. expanding prison pop. drive up costs 4. creates racial disparity 5. police endanger of 2 time offenders |
| just desert | philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate rights of others deserve to be punished w/ severity to compensate |
| blameworthy | amount of culpability or guilt a person maintains for participating in certain criminal offence |
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