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- 1LOFTUS & PALMERAIM - INVESTIGATE ACCURACY OF MEMORY & EFFECT OF LEADING QUESTIONS
BACKGROUND - RESEARCH INTO MEMORY; SHORT & LONG TERM
METHOD - LAB EXPERIMENT; IV=VERB, DV = SPEED
SAMPLE - OWN PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS
EXPT 1 = 45 STUDENTS ~ EXPT 2 = 150 STUDENTS
PROCEDURE (EXPT 1) - 45 STUDENTS WATCHED 7 CLIPS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS.
5 DIFFERENT GROUPS WERE ASKED ABOUT THE SPEED OF THE VEHICLES.
EACH GROUP GIVEN DIFFERENT VERB IN QUESTION (SMASHED, HIT, COLLIDED, BUMPED & CONTACTED)
PROCEDURE (EXPT 2) - 150 STUDENTS
PART 1 - SHOWN A 1MIN CLIP OF A 4SEC ACCIDENT, THEN ASKED A QUESTION ABOUT SPEED
3 CONDITIONS (SMASHED, HIT & NO QUESTION)
PART 2 - WEEK LATER STUDENTS ASKED IF THEY SAW ANY GLASS - THERE WAS NO GLASS, BUT PEOPLE SAID YES
RESULTS (EXPT 1) - GROUP GIVEN WORD SMASHED ESTIMATED HIGHER SPEED - 40.8 MPH
GROUP GIVEN WORD CONTACTED ESTIMATED LOWER SPEED - 31.8 MPH
RESULTS (EXPT 2) - WITH THE WORD SMASHED YOU ARE MORE LIKELY TO THINK THERE WAS GLASS
CONCLUSION - THE MEMORY CAN CHANGE DEPENDING ON HOW SOMEONE PRESENTS IT TO US - 2BARON - COHENAIM - TO INVESTIGATE IF HFAWAOAS WOULD BE IMPAIRED ON A THEORY OF MIND TEST. ALSO TO SEE IF FEMALES WOULD BE BETTER THAN MALES ON THE TASK
BACKGROUND - IT'S SUGGESTED THAT A&AS ARE CAUSED BY A LACK OF THEORY OF MIND. NEW TEST DEVISED 'THE EYE TEST' TO SEE IF HFPWA HAVE A THEORY OF MIND
METHOD - NATURAL/QUASI
IV=AUTISM VS NORMAL - IV CAN'T BE MANIPULATED BECAUSE IT OCCURS NATURALLY
PROCEDURE (THE EYE TASK) - 25 PHOTOS OF EYE REGION
MALE & FEMALE
EACH PIC SHOWN FOR 3 SECS
GIVEN 2 MENTAL STATES TO CHOSE FROM (HAPPY OR SAD)
CONTROL TASK - GENDER RECOGNITION TASK
CONTROL TASK - BASIC EMOTION RECOGNITION TASK
BLACK & WHITE PHOTOS
SAMPLE - THREE GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS TESTED
GROUP 1 - 16 HAOAS, NORMAL INTELLIGENCE, 13 MEN & 3 WOMEN RECRUITED USING ADVERT & THROUGH CLINICS.
GROUP 2 - 50 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS (25 MALES & 25 FEMALES)
NO HISTORY OF OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER
NORMAL INTELLIGENCE SELECTED RANDOMLY NEAR THE CAMBRIDGE UNI.
GROUP 3 - 10 PARTICIPANTS WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME
RECRUITED FROM REFERRAL CENTRE IN LONDON (DOCTORS)
AGED MATCHED WITH GROUP 1&2 - 3BARON - COHENRESULTS - AS PREDICTED AFAWAOAS HAD MORE DIFFICULTIES WITH THE EYE TASK THAN BOTH NA & AWT -
AWAOA = 16.3 - NA = 20.3 - AWT = 20.4
NA MALES HAD MORE DIFFICULTIES WITH THE EYE TASKS THAN NA FEMALES
NM = 18.8 - NF = 21.8
CONCLUSION - ADULTS WITH AOA WERE IMPAIRED ON A THEORY OF MIND TEST DESPITE HAVING NORMAL INTELLIGENCE
WITHIN THE NORMAL POPULATION, FEMALES DO BETTER THAN MALES ON THIS TEST OF THEORY OF MIND - 4SAVAGE - RUMBAUGHAIM - TO INVESTIGATE THE LANGUAGE CAPACITY OF A PYGMY CHIMPANZEE IN COMPARISON TO COMMON CHIMPANZEES
BACKGROUND - PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON OTHER CHIMPANZEES
METHOD - QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
IV - TYPE OF CHIMPANZEE (PYGMY & COMMON)
DV - LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF THE CHIMPANZEE
SAMPLE - KANZI - MALE - LEARNED AT 6 MONTHS - STUDIED FOR 17 MONTHS.
MULIKA - FEMALE - LEARNED AT 6 MONTHS - STUDIED FOR 11-21 MONTHS.
MATATA - MUM - LANGUAGE CHIMP.
(ALL PYGMY CHIMPANZEES)
AUSTIN & SHERMAN (COMMON CHIMPANZEES) - REWARDED WHEN THEY USED LEXIGRAM
PROCEDURE/ TESTING - COMMUNICATION SYSTEM - KANZI & MULIKA USED VISUAL SYSTEM (LEXIGRAM) WHICH BRIGHTENED WHEN TOUCHED. SYMBOLS ON ELECTRONIC KEYBOARD (OUTSIDE) WITH SPEECH SYNTHESISER.
EXPOSURE TO LEXIGRAM - KANZI EXPOSED TO SYMBOLS, GESTURES & SPEECH FROM 6 MONTHS ( WATCHED MUM INTERACT & KEEPERS). NO ATTEMPT TO TRAIN KANZI - AT 1.5YRS HE SHOWED INTEREST IN SYMBOLS.
SPONTANEOUS TOUCHING WITH NO UNDERSTANDING OF SPECIFIC ITEMS.
LEARNED OFF PEOPLE AROUND THEM.
OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT - FOOD AT 17 DIFFERENT LOCATIONS - - 5SAVAGE - RUMBAUGHAFTER 4 MONTHS, KANZI COULD SELECT PHOTO & GUIDE OTHERS TO RIGHT PLACE
RESULTS - 6-16 MONTHS BOTH KANZI & MULIKA BOTH SPONTANEOUSLY USED GESTURES TO COMMUNICATE E.G OUTSTRETCHED ARMS & HANDS TO POINT, SAYING THEY WANTED TO BE TAKEN SOMEWHERE.
- KANZI & MULIKA'S GESTURES MORE EXPLICIT.
-KANZI ACQUIRED 46 WORDS - MULIKA 37 WORDS
CONCLUSION - THE PYGMY CHIMPANZEES HAVE SKILL & KNOWLEDGE OF SYMBOLS.
IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL TO PUSH THE BEHAVIOUR OF A GROUP OF WILD APES TOWARDS LANGUAGE. - 6MAGUIREAIM - IS THE BRAIN CAPABLE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE (PARTICULARLY IN THE HIPP0CAMPUS). ALSO, WHAT IS THE PRECISE ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN A TAXI DRIVER
BACKGROUND - SOME MAMMALS HAVE AN INCREASE VOLUME IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AS THEY REQUIRE SPATIAL MEMORY. THIS CAN ALSO INCREASE DURING SEASONS WHERE DEMANDS FOR SPATIAL MEMORY IS AT IT'S GREATEST E.G BIRDS MIGRATING
METHOD - IV = EXPERIENCE OF NAVIGATING (TAXI DRIVER VS NON TAXI DRIVER)
DV = SIZE OF THE POSTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES - MRI SCANS
SAMPLE - 16 HEALTHY TAXI DRIVERS TAXIING FOR ATLEAST A YEAR - RIGHT HANDED - MEAN AGE 44 (RANGE 32-62)
PROCEDURE & DATA ANALYSIS - STRUCTURAL MRI SCANS, ANALYSED USING 2 TECHNIQUES:
1 - VBM (VOREL BASED MORPHOMETRY) SEE IF THE BRAIN COULD BE EXAMINED IN AN UNBALANCED WAY. VBM IS A SOFTWARE THAT ANALYSIS
2 - HIPPOCAMPUS VOLUME WAS CALCULATED USING A PIXEL TECHNIQUE. THE PIXELS WERE COUNTED IN THE IMAGES PRODUCED.
2 - HIPPOCAMPUS VOLUME WAS CALCULATED USING A PIXEL TECHNIQUE. PIXELS WERE COUNTED IN THE IMAGES PRODUCED.
RESULTS - VBM SHOWED THERE WAS AN INCREASE OF - 7MAGUIREGREY MATTER IN THE POSTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS
PIXEL COUNTING CONTROLS ANTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS WHICH IS LARGER (SPECIFICALLY AT NIGHT)
POSITIVE CORRELATION OF THE AMOUNT OF GREY MATTER IN THE POSTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS
CONCLUSION - THE POSTERIOR HIPPOCAMPUS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MEMORY OF THE SPACIAL INFORMATION
GREY MATTER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS CAN 'SHIFT' IN ACCORDANCE TO THE ENVIRONMENT DEMAND.
CHANGES ARE DUE TO EXPERIENCE - 8SPERRYAIM - TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF HEMISPHERE DE CONNECTION. ALSO TO INVESTIGATE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERE
BACKGROUND - STUDIED PATIENTS WITH HEMISPHERE DE CONNECTION IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THERE ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO HEMISPHERES OF HUMAN BRAINS
METHOD - QUASI EXPERIMENT (ALREADY HAD SPLIT BRAIN SURGERY)
SAMPLE - 11 PATIENTS WHO HAD SPLIT BRAIN SURGERY
PROCEDURE - TESTED BY TACTILE & VISUAL FIELDS:
TACTILE (TOUCH SOMETHING WITH RIGHT HAND, LEFT HEMISPHERE CONTROLS IT
3 TESTS:
1) FLASH THAT LASTED 1/10 OF A SECOND (VISUAL STIMULUS)
2) ONE EYE COVERED
3) CENTRED GAZE
RESULTS - VISION:
1) EACH HALF OF THE BRAIN HAD IT'S OWN VISION/MEMORY
2) WHEN OBJECT PRESENTED TO RVF, THE LH COULD SAY WHAT IT WAS
LEFT = SPEAK, NO DRAW
RIGHT = NO SPEAK, DRAW
TACTILLE:
1) CAN NAME WHAT'S IN THEIR RIGHT HAND BUT NOT THEIR LEFT
2) THEY CAN RETRIEVE OBJECTS FROM OTHER OBJECTS E.G FIND AND PICK UP
3) SIMULTANEOUS / INDEPENDENT SEARCH - EACH HAND DIDN'T KNOW WHAT THE OTHER HAND WAS LOOKING FOR E.G WHEN OBJECTS PUT IN EACH HAND, - 9SPERRYTHEY HAD TO REFINE WHAT WAS PUT IN EXACT HAND
CONCLUSION - SPERRY ARGUED THAT EACH HEMISPHERE HAS IT'S OWN PERCEPTIONS, MEMORIES & EXPERIENCES. DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BRAIN SPECIALISE ON A DIFFERENT TASK - 10DEMENT & KLEITMANAIM & 3 HYPOTHESIS -
1 - SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN REM SLEEP & DREAMING
2 - SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN ESTIMATE OF DREAM DURATION & THE LENGTH OF REM
3 - SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PATTERN OF EYE MOVEMENTS & THE CONTEXT OF THE DREAM
BACKGROUND - 1957 PSYCHOLOGIST NOTICED PEOPLE HAD PROLONGED PERIODS OF REM
METHOD - LAB EXPERIMENT
1) IV = WOKEN IN REM OR NREM SLEEP
DV = RECALL OF DREAMS
2) WOKEN AFTER 5 OR 25 MIN REM
DV = ESTIMATION OF DREAM LENGTH
SAMPLE - 7 MALES & 2 FEMALES (5 STUDIED INTENSIVELY)
PROCEDURE - PARTICIPANTS ARRIVED AT LAB SHORTLY BEFORE THEIR BEDTIME AND WERE INSTRUCTED TO DRINK NON CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOLIC DRINKS
PARTICIPANTS HAD ELECTRODES ATTACHED AROUND THERE HEADS TO MEASURE EYE MOVEMENTS (EOG MEASURES)
ALSO HAD ELECTRODES ATTACHED TO SCALP TO MEASURE BRAIN WAVES (EEG MEASURES)
PARTICIPANTS WOKEN AT VARIOUS TIMES OF NIGHT USING A BELL BY THEIR BED
WOKEN DURING PERIODS OF REM OR NREM SLEEP 5.7 TIMES A NIGHT ON AVERAGE
NOT TOLD IF THEY HAD BEEN IN REM OR NREM SLEEP
TOLD TO SPEAK INTO RECORDED WHETHER - 11DEMENT & KLEITMANTHEY HAD BEEN DREAMING, DESCRIBING DREAMS CONTENT & ESTIMATING WHETHER THE LENGTH OF THEIR DREAM WAS 5 OR 15 MINS
RESULTS - ALL PARTICIPANTS HAD REM ACTIVITY EVERY NIGHT
IN REM SLEEP, THE MEAN % OF DREAM RECALL WAS 80% - NREM IT WAS 7%.
VERTICAL EYE MOVEMENTS = CLIMBING LADDERS & LOOKING UP AT CLIFFS.
HORIZONTAL = WATCHING 2 PEOPLE THROW TOMATOES AT EACH OTHER
CONCLUSION - WITH REM SLEEP YOU ARE ABLE TO RECALL DREAMS BETTER.
EYE MOVEMENT PRESENTS SEEING CONTEXT OF DREAM - 12BANDURAAIM- TO SEE IF CHILDREN COPY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
BACKGROUND - OBSERVE IT - STORE IT - COPY IT
METHOD - LAB EXPERIMENT
IV - BEHAVIOUR OF MODEL / GENDER OF CHILD / GENDER OF MODEL
DV - AGGRESSION
SAMPLE - 72 CHILDREN, AGE RANGE 37 MONTHS - 36 BOYS & 36 GIRLS
PROCEDURE - STAGE 1 - MODELLING:
CHILDREN WATCHED MODEL PLAY WITH TOYS FOR 10 MINS
STAGE 2 - AGGRESSION AROUSAL: CHILDREN PLAYED WITH TOYS FOR 2 MINS THEN TOLD THEY COULDN'T PLAY WITH ATTRACTIVE TOYS BECAUSE THEY WERE RESERVED FOR THE 'GOOD KIDS'
STAGE 3 - DELAYED IMITATION: CHILDREN OBSERVED PLAYING WITH TOYS. LEFT IN ROOM FOR 20 MINS
RESULTS - CHILDREN WHO OBSERVED AGGRESSIVE MODEL WERE MORE LIKELY TO COPY THE SAME SPECIFIC ACTS OF VIOLENCE SHOWN BY THE MODEL THAN THE OTHER TWO GROUPS WERE
BOYS MORE AFFECTED BY SAME SEX MODEL THAN GIRLS
BOTH BOYS & GIRLS MORE AFFECTED BY MALE MODELS IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL, BUT NOT VERBAL AGGRESSIVENESS
CHILDREN DO COPY & IMITATE BEHAVIOUR - 13SAMUEL & BRYANTAIM - TO INVESTIGATE IF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 7-8 CAN CONSERVE
BACKGROUND - ROSE & BLANK ONLY TESTED 6YR OLDS
METHOD - 3 IVs:
THE 3 CONDITIONS
THE 4 AGE GROUPS
THE 3 KINDS OF MATERIALS USED
DV - NUMBER OF ERRORS MADE BY THE CHILDREN
SAMPLE - 252 BOYS & GIRLS, AGED 5-8 YRS.
FOUR GROUPS OF 63 (5yrs 3months, 6yrs 3months, 7yrs 3 months & 8yrs 3months)
PROCEDURE - EACH GROUP DIVIDED INTO 3 SUB GROUPS WITH DIFFERENT CONDITIONS (21 CHILDREN IN EACH CONDITION)
1) STANDARD: TWO QUESTION CONSERVATION TASK. ASKED ABOUT THE SIZE OF OBJECT BEFORE & AFTER SHAPE IS CHANGED
2) ONE JUDGEMENT: CONSERVATION TASK. ONLY ONE QUESTION (POST TRANSFORMATION QUESTION) CHILD ASKED ONCE ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE OBJECT AFTER THE TRANSFORMATION HAD TAKEN PLACE
3) FIXED ARRAY CONTROL: CHILD SAW NO TRANSFORMATION BEING MADE & ONLY SAW THE POST TRANSFORMATION DISPLAY (SAW OBJECTS AFTER CHANGE, NOT BEFORE)
RESULTS:
1) AS PREDICTED, CHILDREN FOUND THE ONE JUDGEMENT TASK EASIER (LESS ERRORS)
2) SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE AGE GROUPS WITH OLDER GROUP DOING A LOT BETTER THAN YOUNGER - 14SAMUEL & BRYANT3) THE CHILDREN MADE FEWER ERRORS ON ON THE NUMBER TASK COMPARED WITH THE OTHER TWO TASKS
CONCLUSION - ABILITY TO CONSERVE IMPROVES WITH AGE (THIS SUPPORTS PIAGETS THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT)
CHILDREN CAN CONSERVE AT A YOUNGER AGES THAN PIAGET PROPOSED
CONSERVATION SKILLS DEVELOP IN STAGES WITH THE ABILITY TO CONSERVE MASS OR VOLUME (THIS ALSO SUPPORTS PIAGET) - 15FREUDAIM -
- 16FREUDFREUD
- 17MILGRAMAIM - OBEDIENCE MAY BE INGRAINED IN THE HUMAN CHARACTER & MAY BE THOUGHT TO BE DESTRUCTIVE
BACKGROUND - NAZI WAR CAMPS - GERMANS DIFFERENT BECAUSE THEY ARE MORE OBEDIENT - THERE DISPOSITION (ITS WHAT THEY ARE USED TOO)
METHOD - CONTROLLED OBSERVATIOM
NO IV
DV - OBEDIENCE
SAMPLE - MILGRAM ADVERTISED FOR 500 NEW HAVEN MEN TO TAKE PART IN A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MEMORY. EVERYONE PAID $4.50 - FINAL GROUP SELECTED FROM THOSE WHO VOLUNTEERED (40 MEAN AGED BETWEEN 20-50.
THE EXPERIMENT WAS PLAYED BY BIOLOGY TEACHER WHO WORE A TECHNICIAN COAT AND THE VICTIM WAS PLAYED BY A 47YR OLD ACCOUNTANT WHO WAS TRAINED FOR THE ROLE
PROCEDURE - EACH SUBJECT WAS TOLD THAT THE EXPERIMENT AIMED TO SEE HOW PUNISHMENT AFFECTED LEARNING. THE NAIVE SUBJECT GOT INTRODUCED TO THE OTHER SUBJECT (THE ACCOUNTANT) & ALWAYS GOT THE PART FOR THE TEACHER.
LEARNER & TEACHER THEN TAKEN TO EXPERIMENTAL ROOM WHERE THE LEARNER WAS THEN STRAPPED INTO AN ELECTRICAL CHAIR, WITH ELECTRODES ATTACHED TO THE LEARNERS WRIST WHICH WAS ALSO ATTACHED TO THE SHOCK GENERATOR IN THE NEXT ROOM
WRONG AT RIGHT ANSWERS - 18MILGRAMWERE PLANNED AND THE VOLTAGE WENT UP FROM 15V - 450V
RESULTS - EVERY LEARNER WENT UP TO 300V & 65% WENT ALL THE WAY TO 450V
3 PEOPLE HAD SEIZURES, WHILST 14 LAUGHED NERVOUSLY DIGGING THEIR FINGER NAILS INTO THEIR FLESH
PRIOR TO THE STUDY, PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS ESTIMATED THAT LESS THAN 3% WOULD GO TO THE MAXIMUM SHOCK LEVEL
CONCLUSION - ORDINARY PEOPLE ARE LIKELY TO FOLLOW ORDERS GIVEN BY AN AUTHORITY FIGURE, EVEN TO THE EXTENT OF KILLING AN INNOCENT
GERMANS ARE NO DIFFERENT TO AMERICANS, AS THEY ARE ALSO OBEDIENT - 19REICHER & HASLAMAIM - TO STUDY THE WAY PEOPLE RESPOND TO A SYSTEM OF INEQUALITY (TYRANNY) - DO THEY ACCEPT OR DO THEY RESIST IT
BACKGROUND - ZIMBARDO ~ ARE WE DOING WHAT WE ARE DOING BECAUSE OF THE SITUATION WE ARE PUT IN?
METHOD - 3IVs
1) PERMEABILITY (THE EXPECTATION OF MOVEMENT BETWEEN GROUPS)
2) LEGITIMACY (WHEN DECISIONS ARE BASED ON REAL DIFFERENCES
3) COGNITIVE ALTERNATIVES (BEING ABLE TO THINK ABOUT POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES)
THESE INTERVENTIONS WERE ALL USED TO MANIPULATE
DV - MEASURE OF SOCIAL, ORGANISATIONAL & CLINICAL VARIABLES MEASURED USING OBSERVATIONS & PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS
RESEARCH METHOD - EXPERIMENTAL CASE STUDY
SAMPLE - 332 APPLICANTS REDUCED TO 15 AFTER A PROCESS OF SCREENING - DIVERSE AGES, SOCIAL CLASSES & ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS.
15 PARTICIPANTS INTO 5 GROUPS OF 3 MATCHED ON PERSONALITY VARIABLES.
FROM EACH GROUP OF 3, ONE RANDOMLY SELECTED TO BE A GUARD
PRISONERS: HIGH LEVEL OF SOCIAL IDENTITY GAVE EFFECTIVE ORGANISATION WITHIN THEIR GROUP & LED TO POSITIVE MENTAL STATES
PRSIONERS SOCIAL IDENTIY - 20REICHER & HASLAMTYRANNY APPEARED WHEN PRISONERS WERE TOLD THEY COULDN'T LEAVE THEIR GROUP
GUARDS: THE SHOWED AWARENESS OF THE POWER THEY HAD & FELT UNCOMFORTABLE ABOUT IT.
THEY OFFERED THEIR LEFT OVER FOOD TO THE PRISONERS BECAUSE THEY FELT BAD ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE IN QUALITY
FAILED TO EXERCISE THEIR POWER BECAUSE AFRAID OF BEING SEEN AS AUTHORITARIAN
CONCLUSION - IF YOU GIVE ROLLS, THEY DON'T AUTOMATICALLY BUY INTO IT
WHEN YOU TAKE ON SAME IDENTITY, YOU SHARE ROLLS & IDEAS - 21PILIAVINAIMS -
1) TO SEE IF AN ILL PERSON WOULD RECEIVE MORE HELP THAN A DRUNK PERSON
2) TO SEE IF THE RACE OF THE VICTIM LEAD TO SAME RACE HELPING
3) TO SEE WHETHER THE INTERVENTION OF THE MODEL WOULD INFLUENCE OTHERS HELPING BEHAVIOUR
4) TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF GROUP SIZE ON HELPING BEHAVIOUR
BACKGROUND - KITTY GENOVESE - PEOPLE WHO HEARD HER SCREAM WHEN STABBED ONLY SHOUTED OUT THE WINDOW AT ATTACKER
METHOD - FIELD/QUASI OBSERVATION
SAMPLE - 4500 MEN & WOMEN ON THE 8TH AVENUE EXPRESS TRAIN NEWYORK BETWEEN 11AM & 3PM OVER A 2/3 MONTH PERIOD.
STUDY CARRIED OUT BY 16 UNI STUDENTS SPLIT INTO 4 TEAMS OF 4 RESEARCHES (EACH TEAM - 2 MALES & 2 FEMALES)
1 MALE PLAYING THE VICTIM WHO WAS DRUNK OR ILL, OR BLACK OR WHITE
70 SECONDS AFTER BOARDING THE TRAIN, THE VICTIM COLLAPSED & REMAINED LYING ON HIS BACK.
THE OTHER MALE PLAYED THE MODEL, WHICH HAD 3 MODEL CONDITIONS: NO MODEL, EARLY MODEL (HELPED AFTER 70 SECONDS & LATE MODEL (HELPED AFTER 150 SECONDS)
BOTH FEMALES WERE THE OBSERVERS
OBSERVER 1 RECORDED: RACE, SEX & LOCATION OF PASSENGERS IN THE (CRITICAL AREA). - 22PILIAVINTOTAL NUMBER OF PASSENGERS IN THE WHOLE CARRIAGE ALONG WITH THE TOTAL NUMBER OF HELPERS & THE RACE, SEX & LOCATION OF THE HELPERS
OBSERVER 2 RECORDED: RACE, SEX & LOCATION OF EVERYBODY IN THE ADJACENT AREA & THE TIME OF WHEN HELP WAS FIRST OFFERED
BOTH OBSERVERS NOTED COMMENTS OF NEARBY PASSENGERS
RESULTS - CANE VICTIM HELPED SPONTANEOUSLY 95% OF THE TIME - DRUNK ONLY 50%
HELP ALSO GIVEN QUICKER TO ILL VICTIM (5 SEC AVERAGE) THAN DRUNK VICTIM (109 SEC AVERAGE)
90% OF HELPERS WERE MALE
IN 20% OF THE TRAILS, 34 PEOPLE LEFT THE CRITICAL AREA AFTER THE VICTIM COLLAPSED
CONCLUSION - THE MORE PASSENGERS THERE WERE IN THE CRITICAL AREA, THE MORE LIKELY HELP WAS TO BE GIVEN, MEANING THERE WAS NO DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY EFFECT MAYBE BECAUSE THE POTENTIAL HELPERS COULD SEE THE VIVTIM - 23THIGPEN & CLECKLEYAIM - TO PROVIDE AN ACCOUNT OF THE PSYCHOTHERAEUTIC TREATMENT OF A 25 YR OLD WOMEN WHO WAS REFERRED TO T&C BECAUSE OF SEVERE BLINDING HEADACHES
BACKGROUND - MPD IS DEFINED IN DSM-III AS A DISORDER IN WHICH TWO OR MORE DISTINCT PERSONALITIES CO - EXIST WITHIN ONE & THE SAME INDIVIDUAL. MPD IS NOT A FORM OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
METHOD - CASE STUDY USING INTERVIEWS WITH PATIENTS & HER FAMILY.
TESTS CONDUCTED: HYPNOSIS, OBSERVATION, EGG TESTS & PROJECTIVE TEST E.G MEMORY TEST, INC BLOC TEST & INTELLIGENCE TEST WERE ALL CONDUCTED
SAMPLE - EVE WHITE
PROCEDURE - DID PSUCHOMETRIC & PROJECTIVE TESTS SPENDING 14 MONTHS (100HRS) INTERVIEWING EW & EB COLLECTING DATA ABOUT THEIR BEHAVIOUR & LIVES
RESULTS -
PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS IQ - EW = 110
PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS IQ - EB = 104
MEMORY SCALE - EW = ABOVE IQ
MEMORY SCALE - EB = ON PAR WITH IQ
PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS: DRAWINGS OF HUMAN FIGURES -
EW = RIGID & NOT CAPABLE OF DEALING WITH HER HOSTILITY. CONFLICT IN ROLE AS WIFE & MOTHER RESULTING IN ANXIETY REPRESSION
EB = ABLE TO CONFORM TO ENVIRONMENT. - 24THIGPEN & CLECKLEYHEALTHIER PROFILE THAN EW.
REGRESSION - A WISH TO RETURN TO AN EARLIER STAGE OF LIFE
AFTER 8 MONTHS EW'S BLACKOUTS & HEADACHES RETURNED. EB DENIED THIS.
JANE THAN APPEARED WHO WAS:
- MORE MATURE & BOLD THAN EW
- NOT DIFFICULT LIKE EB
- LIKE A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE TWO
CONCLUSION - SHE SUFFERED FROM MPD, SUSPECTED FAKE, BUT HIGHLY UNLIKELY
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