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Description
Flashcards by Hayden McElduff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hayden McElduff
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Describe the functions of the blood | Transport: nutrients gases and hormones to tissues removes wastes such as Co2 and urea transports blood cells and antibodies Regulation: keeping body's pH within tolerance limits regulates body temp - carries heat Protection: forms clots to prevent blood loss if vessels are damaged (thromobcytes and fibrinogen) leucocytes protect the body against pathogens and toxins. |
| Describe the components of blood (Describe each component of the blood) | Plasma = 55% Liquid part of the blood Erythrocytes = 40% Red Blood Cells - Transport Oxygen Leucocytes = 1% White Blood Cells - Fight against disease |
| How are Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transported in the blood? | Oxygen = Oxyhaemoglobin (oxygen and haemoglobin compound in red blood cells) Carbon Dioxide = Carbaminohaemoglobin (carbon dioxide and haemoglobin in blood) carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma as a disolved solution |
| Word equation for formation of oxyhaemoglobin | Haemoglobin + Oxygen --> Oxyhaemoglobin |
| Word equation for dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin | Oxyhaemoglobin --> oxygen + haemoglobin |
| Write the word equation for the formation of carbonic acid | carbon dioxide + water --> Carbonic Acid --> Hydrogen ions + Bicarbonate ions |
| Write the word equation for the dissociation of carbonic acid | Bicarbonate ions + Hydrogen ions --> Carbonic acid --> water + carbon dioxide |
| List the percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood in different ways | oxygen: 3% dissolved in plasma 97% as oxyhaemoglobin carbon dioxide: 8% dissolved in plasma 22% as carbaminohaemoglobin 70% as bicarbonate ions |
| List the nutrients and wastes that are transported in solution in the blood plasma | Nutrients: glucose vitamins amino acids fatty acids glycerol Wastes: urea creatinine uric acid |
| Label a diagram of the heart | See page 81 of textbook |
| Three Types of blood vessels | Arteries: muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from heart. Veins: Carry blood toward the heart Capillaries: microscopic. connect arterioles and venules. enable the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues |
| Pathway of blood through the heart | Deoxygenated blood flows through body Inferior vena cava brings blood to heart from lower legs superior vena cava brings blood from head and upper body Right atrium Right ventricle Artery Lungs Oxygenated blood from lungs enters pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta circulates through body |
| Describe atrioventricular valves | Valves that prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria |
| Describe semi lunar valves | Valves that prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles |
| Define diastole | The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles relax or fill with blood. |
| Define systole | The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscles contract or pump the blood. |
| Define heat rate | How fast the heart is beating (in beats per minute) |
| Define stroke volume | The amount of blood pumped from the ventricle with each heart beat |
| Define cardiac output | The stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate |
| Explain the cardiac cycle | One complete beat of the heart 72 times per minute 0.8 seconds per cycle Systole and Diastole Systole and diastole of both atria followed by diastole and systole of both ventricles |
| Compare arteries and veins (table) | |
| Describe how the body stops bleeding for minor injuries | Muscles in walls of small arteries that are broken constrict immediately to reduce blood flow Thrombocytes stick to rough walls made by injury Sticking thrombocytes attract others which forms a plug Thrombocytes release substances that act as vasoconstrictors which enhance and prolong the constriction of damaged vessels |
| Explain the steps involved in blood clotting or coagulation | Reactions result in formation of threads called fibrin Fibrin threads form a mesh that traps blood cells, proteins and plasma The mesh containing the trapped material is the clot Threads stick to damaged blood vessels and hold clot in position Clot reaction occurs This is where the threads contract and become denser and stronger and pull the edges of the damaged blood vessels together Serum squeezed out (blood plasma without the clotting substances) clot dries and forms a scab |
| Function of the lymphatic system | Collects fluid that has escaped from the blood capillaries and returns it to the circulatory system Also fights against disease-causing organisms |
| Describe the lymph vessel and relate its structure to its function | Blind ended tubes in the spaces between the cells of most tissues. Slightly larger than blood capillaries More permeable than blood capillaries Proteins and disease causing organisms in the intercellular fluid can easily pass through the walls of the lymph capillaries into the lymph Lymph vessels join up to form two ducts that empty the lymph into large veins in the upper chest |
| Describe the lymph nodes and relate their structure to their function | Occur at intervals along the lymph vessels Bean shaped and range from length of 1 mm to 25mm Each is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue that extends into the node, forming a framework Framework contains lymphoid tissue that contain cells called: lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells Spaces between cells of lymphoid tissue are criss-crossed by a network of fibres Lymph enters though vessel on the convex side of the node, filters through spaces and passes out though vessels on the opposite side |
| Explain the role of the lymphatic system in the fight against disease | Lymph entering the lymph nodes contains cell debris, foreign particles and micro-organisms. Some of these may be able to cause disease Larger particles like bacteria are trapped in a meshwork of fibres as the lymph flows through the spaces in the nodes. Large phagocytic cells called macrophages destroy these particles Macrophages ingest the particles by phagocytosis |
| Identify the different blood groups | A B AB O |
| Define antigen | Substance that is capable of stimulating the formation of an antibody A foreign particle |
| Define antibody | Substances that are produced in response to an antigen and that combine with the antigen to destroy it |
| Describe why some blood types are incompatible for transfusions | If blood types that are incompatible (e.g. AB and A) are mixed the erythrocytes clump or agglutinate If the receivers blood is able to make antibodies against the antigen of the donors blood then the foreign cells will clump together and disintegrate |
| Explain the Whole Blood transfusion | Blood as it is taken from the donor but with a chemical added to prevent clotting. Mainly used in severe blood loss |
| Explain the Red Cell Concentrates blood transfusion | Most widely used transfusion Produced by spinning blood at a high speed in a centrifuge Heavier cells sink to bottom, leaving lighter plasma on top May or may not have thrombocytes and WBC removed. Used for patients suffering heart disease or severe anaemia |
| Describe the Plasma blood transfusion | Plasma is given to patients that require extra clotting factors for control of severe bleeding Or patients with liver disease |
| Describe the Platelet Concentrates blood transfusion | Given to patients who have abnormal thrombocytes or a reduced number of thrombocytes |
| Describe the Cyroprecipitate blood transfusion | Freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly When plasma is thawed, the cryoprecipitate remains solid. Contains many of the substances needed for blood clotting May be used to treat some forms of haemophilia but is mostly used for severe bleeding |
| Describe the Immunoglobulins blood transfer | Group of proteins that act as antibodies Extracted from blood used for patients who are deficient in antibodies Tetanus immunoglobulin may be used to treat tetanus |
| Describe the Autologous blood transfusion | When the patients own blood is used. Blood is collected from patient prior to an operation that may require a transfusion. Eliminate the risk of transmission of disease and most of the possible side effects of the tranfusion |
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