Flashcards
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Cards in this deck (114)
- 1JuxtapositionTwo things placed together with contrasting effect
- 2AssonanceRepetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming
- 3Tripartite repetitionThree successive words used to express an idea.
- 4ConsonanceThe repetition of consonant sounds in short succession
- 5Double inverted commas"..." - for methapors, light-hearted tone, visual device
- 6GerundWords ending on -ing
- 7VernacularFormal language
- 8ColloquialInformal language (used to establish a friendly relationship with the reader)
- 9PassificationObject first
- 10EmpathicEmpathy, sensitive
- 11Rhetoric questionAny question used to persuade (challenges the reader, makes on thinks)
- 12AnecdoteShort personal story (create relationship between reader and writer, more accessible, informal tone)
- 13Sonnet14 line long poem
- 14BalladABAB rhyme scheme, lines of four and three beats, often telling a story
- 15WittyInventive, verbal humour
- 16LexisTotal stock of words
- 17EpizeuxisRepetition of words in immediate succession
- 18SymbolismObject resembles something greater than its own meaning
- 19AnagnorisisThe point in a plot where a character recognizes the true state of affairs
- 20AllegoryOne thing meaning another
- 21Dramatic ironyAudience knows the plot of the story but characters do not
- 22EkphrasisA vivid, graphic, or dramatic written description of another visual form of affairs
- 23AmbiguityOpen to different interpretations
- 24Didactic toneTone used to give information/advice
- 25MetonymyReplacing the name of a thing with a related concept
- 26SynecdocheReplacing the name of a thing for any one of its parts
- 27AnaphoraRepetition of the same word at the beginning of successive sentences
- 28EpiphoraRepetition of the same word at the end of successive sentences
- 29ZeugmaWord is used in two ways at the same time
- 30AnthropomorphismAnimal does something humans can only do
- 31CarnavalesqueMocking or satirical challenge to authority or the traditional social hierarchy
- 32In Medias ResStory that starts in the middle of the action
- 33PathosEmotion
- 34VerisimilitudeWork has resemblance with reality
- 35PloceThe repetition of a single word for rhetorical emphasis
- 36ConduplicatioThe repetition of a words or words
- 37ExpolitioRepetition of the same idea, changing its words or delivery
- 38QuaestitioA run of questions asked in succession
- 39RogatioAsking a question followed by an immediate answer
- 40PrepositionA word class that tells us where, when and how events take place
- 41Possessive pronounTell us who the noun belong to
- 42ContextThe beliefs, intentions and knowlegde of text producers that determine the text but also the way it is understood by the reader
- 43Pattern-formingMaking a particular feature (visual, sound) stand out through repetition
- 44Pattern-breakingMaking a particular feature stand out through emphasising its difference (used to seek attention
- 45Minor sentencingAn incomplete sentence that still conveys meaning (used to create a dramatic mood and a relationship through informal language)
- 46Synthetic personalisationWhen the text fakes an artificial relationship with the reader
- 47Scesis onomationSeries of successive synonymous words
- 48SynonymiaRepetition to add force or explain a term
- 49EpimoneDwelling on or returning to one's strongest argument
- 50Second person pronounYou (the effect of making the reader feel as if it is directed especially to him)
- 51Inclusive sentencingUses 'we' and 'us'to group the readers of the text in with the producers of the text (creates an impression of belonging and safety)
- 52Imperative clauseUsed to tell someone to do something ("click here" or "order now")
- 53LexisThe words themselves (shows what type of audience the text is aimed at)
- 54Semantic fieldsGroups of words whose meaning is related by theme
- 55Head wordA word class within the phrase that gives it a bigger identity (often noun --> zelfst. nmw)
- 56ClauseA group of words containing a subject and a verb
- 57Declarative clauseClauses that convey information (start with the subject of the clause)
- 58Imperative clauseCommands which are directed towards another person (start with verb)
- 59Interrogative clauseQuestions which can be open or closed
- 60Exclamative clauseClause that starts with w/h-prhase and ends with an exclamation mark
- 61Compound sentencesSentences consisting of two or more clauses linked by 'or', 'but' or 'and'
- 62AnchoringThe meaning of an image is fixed by adding words to support it
- 63Anchoring effectThe common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered
- 64Text-image cohesionA meaningful relationship between visual and written codes
- 65OrthographyThe way in which words are spelled
- 66GraphologyThe study of handwriting that conveys something about the writter (can create intimacy, or make words stand out). Writers often make use of shared knowledge when using graphological function features (colours have acquired symbolic meaning).
- 67Paralinguistic featuresNon-verbal behaviour and body features that convey meaning beyond words (pitch, tone, quality of voice) - e-discourse have replaced these paralinguistic features for punctuation marks
- 68Interactional languageLanguage used to maintain social relationships
- 69Transactional languageLanguage used to carry out business
- 70Adjacency pairTerm used to describe the consecutive set of turns where the second answers the first
- 71Side sequencesDiversions from the original question before it is finally answered
- 72Transition relevance pointMoments when the conversational floor can be taken up by a different participant
- 73Speaker support devicesDevices used to show interest and maintain coversation (yeah, hmh)
- 74Hedge deviceDevice used to soften what we say or write to remain polite and less direct
- 75Tag questionA brief question that comes at the end of a statement to ask if the statement is correct
- 76Filler wordsWords that act as a delay mechanism (uh, uhm, er)
- 77Elliptical constructionConstructions in which words are left out of a sentence but the sentence can still be understood (for economic reasons)
- 78Deictic expressionA phrase that points to the time, place or situation in which a speaker is speaking
- 79Discourse markersWords used to connect what we say or express attitude (well, anyway, okay, to begin with, often)
- 80Positive politeness strategyAvoiding giving offenses by highlighting friendliness and trying to make the hearer feel good (through: juxtaposing criticism with compliments, nicknames, common ground, tag questions, slang)
- 81Negative politeness strategyAvoiding giving offences and imposition on the hearer by showing deference (through: questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements such as opinion)
- 82William Labov's narrative driven theorySpeaking structures follow the same narrative --> Abstract (signal that one is about to speak) + Orientation (signalling the ‘who’, ‘where’ and ‘when’) + Complicating action (the main events) + Resolution (completing the events) + Coda (a signal the narrative has come to an end)
- 83EvaluationsComing out of the main story to provide one's opinion
- 84Problem-solution discourseSeen in instruction manuals, horoscopes and editorials
- 85Presenting ideas in binary oppositionA technique that places ideas or language structures in direct contrast to each other
- 86IdealogyA set of beliefs that governs the way we think about the world
- 87Letter homophoneUsing a letter because it sounds the same as part of the word
- 88EuphonyHarmonious sounding of words
- 89CacopohonyDiscordance and harsh sounding of words
- 90SimileComparison of one thing with another things of different kind to make the description more vivid (As tall as a giraffe)
- 91MetaphorComparison in which one thing is said to be another
- 92HyperboleExaggeration that cannot be true
- 93PersonificationGiving human qualities to non-human things
- 94OnomatopoeiaA word with the same sound as its referent
- 95IdiomGroup of words whose meanin is not understood from their literal meaning (After a soccer game my team was on cloud 9)
- 96AllusionReference to famous person, place or event (the gold medal winer was a Cinderella story)
- 97OxymoronA phrase whose words contradict each other with opposite meanings
- 98AntithesisContrast
- 99Parenthesis"(...)" - used to clarify or for mocking purpose
- 100Bastial imageryGive people animal-like qualities
- 101EpithetA characterizing word of phrase firmly associated with a person or thing and often used in place of an actual name
- 102ChiasmusA reversal in the order of words in in two otherwise parallel phrases, as in “He went to the country, to the town went she.”
- 103Circular argumentObvious answer
- 104ApotheosisThe climax
- 105PunA humerous play on words to suggest a different meaning
- 106AnachronismSomething that is historically inaccurate
- 107ArchaicLanguage that is old-fashioned
- 108CaricatureA character described through the exaggeration of a small number of features one possesses
- 109FableA short stroy that present a clear moral lesson
- 110ParadoxA statement that appears contradictory, but when considered more closely is seen to contain truth
- 111RhetoricThe art of writing in such a way as to persuade an audience to a particular point of view
- 112SoliloquyWhen a character in a play speaks his thoughts aloud
- 113Visual codenon-verbal language
- 114Vague expressionAn expression that is deliberately imprecise used to maintain relationships in informal context