5276670
Description
Flashcards by Lewis Atha, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lewis Atha
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Type of neuron which connects other neurons | Inter-neuron |
| Type of neuron which connects a | Sensory neuron |
| Type of neuron that connects to an effector (ie skeletal muscle or gland) | Motor Neuron |
| Name 3 roles of Glial cells | - Remove debris via phagocytosis - Physically support neuron and produce myelin sheath - maintain homeostatic environment around neurons |
| Direction of travel of impulse in neuron | From dendrite through cell body to terminal of axon |
| Affect of incomplete myelination in early years | responses to stimuli are not as rapid or co-ordinated |
| Type of neural pathway from senses to CNS | Converging |
| Type of pathway from CNS to effectors | diverging |
| Type of pathway which allows impulse to be recycled | Reverberating |
| Function of myelin sheath | insulate the axon, increasing the speed of impulse conduction from node to node |
| The nervous system can be split into what two sub-systems | Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) Peripheral Nervous System |
| The peripheral Nervous System contains which 2 sub-systems? | Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System |
| What is function of autonomic nervous system | Regulate heart rate, rate of breathing, rate of intestinal secretions, peristalsis in gut |
| What is function of somatic nervous system | control voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, and some reflex actions |
| which term describes the relationship between the 2 pathways of the autonomic nervous system | antagonistic |
| Which part of the brain controls the autonomic system? | Medulla |
| Which part of the brain controls balance, posture and movement | Cerebellum |
| Which part of the brain is the centre for conscious thought, recall of memories and alteration of behaviour due to experince | Cerebral Cortex |
| What is the role of the corpus callosum | to transfer information from one hemisphere of the cerebrum to the other |
| Name 3 areas of localized brain functions in the cerebral cortex | Any from -motor areas -sensory areas association areas concerning language, personality, imagination and intelligence |
| Which system process information for memories and influences emotional and motivational states | Limbic system |
| What is increased and decreased by the para-sympathetic pathway? | Increased: Peristalsis & Intestinal Secretions Decreased: Heart Rate and Breathing |
| What is increased and decreased by the Sympathetic pathway? | Increased: Heart Rate & Breathing Decreased: Peristalsis & Intestinal Secretions |
| Segregation of objects | Figure and ground |
| Perception of distance | Binocular disparity |
| recognition of objects | by SHAPE rather than detail |
| 3 factors of perpetual set which influence way in which stimuli is percieved | - past experience - context -expectation |
| say 4 things about memory span | - It is the capacity of short term memory - can hold approx 7 items of information - for approx 30s - before information is displaced by new information - rehearsal can extend memory span - chunking information can increase amount of info held |
| stages of making a memory | - information is encoded and passes through sensory memory - selected information enters STM - info can be transferred to LTM or discarded |
| what is the term called for access information stored in the long term memory | retrieval |
| what is working memory | an extension of STM for performing cognitive tasks |
| Name 3 methods for transfer information from STM to LTM | - Elaboration of meaning - Rehearsal - Organisation |
| Describe rehearsal | repeating information over and over to memorize it (shallow encoding) |
| organisation | grouping information with related information |
| elaboration | addition of extra information so that new information is linked with existing information |
| Where is spatial memory found | limbic system |
| Which 2 types of memory are found in the cerebral cortex | Episodic and Semantic |
| What type of memories are linked to the motor cortex? | Procedural memories (ie how to do things) |
| Emotional memories link which 2 systems | Cerebral cortex and limbic |
| describe how an impulse is transferred from one neuron to the next | - when impulse reaches axon terminal it stimulates vesicles containing a neurotransmitter to fuse with the cell membrane - the NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft & binds with receptors on post-synaptic neuron's dendrites -when sufficient receptors are stimulated, a threshold is reached triggering an impulse |
| explain filtering out of weak stimuli | For an impulse to be triggered in post-synaptic neuron, a sufficient number of receptors must be stimulated. When this threshold isn't reached no impulse is triggered and the weak stimuli is filtered out |
| Explain summation | in converging pathways, 2 or more neurons are releasing a neurotransmitter to one post-synaptic neuron. Therefore it is more likely that a sufficient number of receptors will be stimulated (threshold reached) triggering impulse |
| What is plasticity of response | The brains ability to develop new neural pathways |
| What 3 things can cause plasticity of repsonse | - new pathways forming after brain damage/injury - the learning of new skills - development in early years |
| descibe what is meant by minor plasticity | the suppression of reflex actions (not blinking) or the response to stimuli (ignoring distractions) |
| what neurotransmitter is involved in the reward pathway | dopamine |
| what neurotransmitter is involved in the para-sympathetic pathway | Acetylcholine |
| what neurotransmitter is involved in the Sympathetic pathway | Noradrenaline |
| what neurotransmitter is involved in the reduction of pain intensity | Endorphins |
| Explain the affect of antagonist drugs (2marks) | (1) bind to neurotransmitter receptors blocking neurotransmitter (1) over time this results in an increase in receptor sensitivity and/or number of receptors to compensate |
| Explain the affect of agonist drugs (2marks) | (1) mimic neurotransmitters and bind to neurotransmitter receptors (1) over time this overstimulation results in desensitisation meaning a decrease in receptor sensitivity and/or number of receptors to compensate |
| Name 4 affects of recreational drugs on neural pathways | - stimulate the release of neurotransmitters imitate action of neurotransmitters -block the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors -inhibit reabsorption or enzyme degradation of neurotransmitters |
| What is important for future stable relationships in the early years of life? | Secure infant attachment |
| Human behaviour may be learned by | observation and imitation |
| Reinforcement is | reward of actions leading to likelihood of being repeated |
| Shaping is | is reward of behaviour that approximates a desired behaviour |
| What is term for same response to different but similar stimuli | generalisation |
| explain the term social facilitation | improvement of performance due to competition or by being watched by others |
| Explain extinction | when behaviour patterns are not rewarded they are likely to disappear |
| explain the term de-individuation | - loss of personal identity with a group - leading to diminished restraints on behaviour |
| what is term for being able to distinguish between different but related stimuli so that different responses can be made | discrimination |
| What term describes a changing of beliefs as a result of persuasion | internalisation |
| what term describes the changing of beliefs to be more like an admired, influencing person | identification |
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