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Flashcards

AP Psychology Vocabulary Flashcards P.1

Ari the Mermaid English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1Alfred AlderNeo Freudian
    Birth Order, Inferiority & Superiority Compllex, Compensation
  2. 2Mary AinsworthAttachment Theory
  3. 3Albert BanduraBehaviorist/Cognitive Theorist
    Social Learning, Bobo Doll...
  4. 4Alfred BinetIntelligence Testing
    Standford-Binet Intelligence Test
  5. 5Mary Cover-JonesCounter Conditioning
    "mother" of behavior therapy
  6. 6Erik EriksonPsychosocial Development-8 Stages
  7. 7Gustav FechnerSensation and Perception
    Color Perception
  8. 8Anna FreudPsychoanalytic
    Child Psychoanalysis, Ego Psychology
  9. 9Sigmund FreudFather of Psychoanalysis
  10. 10Harry HarlowAttachment
    Cloth/wire monkey experiment
  11. 11Wolfgang KohlerGestalt Theorist
  12. 12Elizabeth Kubler-RossStages of Dying
  13. 13John LockeTabula Rasa
  14. 14Abraham MaslowHumanism
    Hierarchy of Needs, Self Actualization, Self Esteem
  15. 15Ivan PavlovBehaviorist
    Classical Conditioning, Dogs,..
  16. 16Jean PiagetCognitive Development
    Sensimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations
  17. 17Carl RogersHumanism
    Real vs Ideal Self, Client-Centered Therapy, Unconditional Positive Regard
  18. 18Herman RorschachInkblot Projective Test
  19. 19Julian RotterLocus of Control
  20. 20Stanley SchachterSchacter-Singer Theory of Emotion, two-factor theory of emotion: generalized arousal & appraisal
  21. 21Martin SeligmanSocial Cognitive
    Learned helplessness
  22. 22B.F. SkinnerBehaviorist
    Operant conditioning, Schedules of reinforcement
  23. 23Charles SpearmanG-Factor Intelligence, S factors, Factor Analysis
  24. 24Edward ThorndikeLaw of Effect, Cats, Puzzle Boxes
  25. 25Edward TolmanLatent Learning & Cognitive Maps
  26. 26Herman Von HelmholzYoung-Helmholz- Trichromatic Theory of Color
  27. 27John WatsonClassic Conditioning, Little Albert
  28. 28Max WertheimerGestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization (closure, proximity, similarity, continuity, figure ground, connectedness)
  29. 29Philip ZimabardoStanford Prison Experiment
  30. 30StressProcess by which we perceive & respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
  31. 31T LymphocytesWhite blood cells that form in the thymus & attack cancer cells, viruses, & foreign substances
  32. 32DistressExtreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain
  33. 33Ader & Cohen ExperimentDiscovered that the immune system could be conditioned just like Pavlov's dogs...mice prone to lupus were injected with a drug to help lupus while drinking a flavored drink...eventually the taste alone reduced lupus symptoms almost as much as the drug
  34. 34EustressPositive & healthy form of stress
  35. 35EpinephrineHormone secreted by the adrenal glands esp. in times of stress (a.k.a Adrenaline)
  36. 36Biofeedbacksystem for electronically recording, amplifying, & feeding back info regarding psychological state (ex. blood pressure, muscle tension)
  37. 37Norepinphrinehormone that is released by the adrenal medulla & by the sympathetic nerves & functions as a neurotransmitter...used as a drug to raise blood pressure...(a.k.a Noradrenaline) also released in times of stress
  38. 38Set Pointgenetically determined range of weight & temperature a body will try to maintain to stay at optimal health
  39. 39Leptinprotein produced by fatty body tissue that regulates fat storage
  40. 40Memorypersistence of learning over time through storage & retrieval of info
  41. 41Flashbulb MemoryClear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event
  42. 42General Adaptation SyndromeSeyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in 3 stages (Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion)
  43. 43Encodingprocessing of info into the memory system
  44. 44Storageretention of encoded info over time
  45. 45Retrievalprocess of getting info out of memory storage
  46. 46Burnoutphysical, emotional, & mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress
  47. 47Type Ain a chronic state of stress, almost always has adrenaline flowing in the blood (more prone to heart disease)
  48. 48Type Bgenerally relaxed & patient
  49. 49Sensory Memoryimmediate, initial recording of sensory info in memory system. Capacity: 12 items; Length: 200-500 milliseconds
  50. 50Short term memoryactivate memory that holds a few items briefly before the info that is stored or forgotten. Capacity: 7 items; Length: several seconds to a minute
  51. 51B Lymphocyteswhite blood cells that form in the bone marrow & release antibodies to fight bacterial infections
  52. 52Long Term Memoryrelatively permanent & limitless storehouse of the memory system
  53. 53ChunkingOrganizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically..increases capacity of short term memory
  54. 54Iconic Memorymomentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory...lasts no longer than a few tenths of a second
  55. 55Automatic Processingunconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, & frequency, & well learned info like word meanings
  56. 56Echoic Memorymomentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli...if attention is elsewhere, sounds & words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
  57. 57Long Term PotentiationIncrease in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation...believed to be neural basis for learning & memory
  58. 58Effortful Processingencoding that requires attention & conscious effort
  59. 59Amnesialoss of memory
  60. 60Rehearsalconscious repetition of info either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
  61. 61Implicit Memoriesretention without conscious recollection of skills & disposition (a.k.a procedural memory)
  62. 62Spacing Effecttendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
  63. 63Serial Position EffectOur tendency to recall best the last & first items in a list
  64. 64Explicit MemoriesMemory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know & "declare"...processed by hippocampus
  65. 65Semantic Encodingencoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
  66. 66Hippocampusneural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
  67. 67Acoustic EncodingEncoding of sound, esp sound of words
  68. 68Recallmeasure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier
  69. 69Recognitionmeasure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
  70. 70Relearningmemory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
  71. 71Visual Encodingencoding of pictures
  72. 72Mnemonic DevicesMemory aids, esp those techniques that use vivid imagery & organizational devices
  73. 73State Dependent Memoryperson remember things when they find themselves in the same state that they were in when they encoded the info
  74. 74RepressionSelf censors painful info such as memories received to decrease anxiety: defense mechanism in psychoanalysis
  75. 75Mood Congruent Memorydepending on what mood, you will remember a more specific state dependent memory
  76. 76Misinformation Effectincorporating misleading info into one's memory (Elizabeth Loftus)
  77. 77Source Amnesiaattributed memory to the wrong source, may be heart of false memories
  78. 78encoding failurean event that didn't make it into long term memory (not interesting or important enough to remember)
  79. 79Wilhem Wundtknown for STRUCTURALISM perspective; 1st psychology lab; key idea is introspection
  80. 80Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curvewe lose most info we learn from the time we learn it, until a year later
  81. 81William Jamesknown for FUNCTIONALISM perspective; 1st psychology textbook; key idea is adaptation & environment; we do thinks that were advantageous for our ancestors
  82. 82Introspectionexamination/observation of one's own mental & emotional processes (Wundt)
  83. 83StructuralismA method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships; structure is more important then function. What is making up the experience I am having right now?
  84. 84Functionalismwhat is the function of a behavior? Why does an organism respond this way?
  85. 85Proactive Interferenceold info in way of learning new info
  86. 86Francis Galtonknown for his INHERITABLE TRAITS perspective; believed intelligence was genetic and it ran in the family. Came up with statistical calculation of correlation; first to study intelligence in family; pioneered in eugenics, coined the term "nature vs. nurture".
  87. 87Gestaltan organized whole, emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes. perception is more than the sum of its parts
  88. 88Retroactive Interferencenew info in way of remembering old info
  89. 89Psychologystudy of the mind & behavior
  90. 90Hindsight Biastendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
  91. 91Overconfidencetendency to be more confident than correct
  92. 92Theoryexplanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes & predicts observations...hasn't been proven
  93. 93Neuroscience PerspectiveExplain behavior strictly in terms of biological processes; genes, hormones, & neurotransmitters
  94. 94Operational Definitionstatement of the procedures used to define research variables
  95. 95Evolutionary Perspectiveexplains human thoughts & actions in terms of natural selection, we do what was advantageous for our ancestors because they lived long enough to pass on their genes
  96. 96Case Studyintensive analysis of an individual unit
  97. 97Psychodynamic Perspectiveunconscious motives, childhood experiences, biological drives, and motivational forces influence our behavior; Psychodynamic theory mostly refers to followers of Freud, while Psychoanalytic refers to Freud exclusively
  98. 98Surveystudy a large group of people in less depth
  99. 99Behavioral Perspectivefocuses on observing behavior, & developing traits through classical & operant conditioning
  100. 100False Consensus Effectcognitive bias whereby a person tends to overestimate how much people agree with him/her
  101. 101Cognitive Perspectiveexamines human thoughts & behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember events
  102. 102Social-Cultural PerspectiveStudies how we think & behave vary across different cultures & how our culture influences our thoughts & behaviors
  103. 103Humanistic Perspectivelooks at psychology in a sense that all humans are generally good & emphasizes free will and an individuals control of their behavior (associated with Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers)
  104. 104Psychiatristmedical practice that provides therapy for people with "Psychological disorders"....can use medicine (where a psychologist can't)
  105. 105Cofounding Variablesextraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation
  106. 106Naturalistic Observationresearch tool where a subject is observed in its natural habitat without any manipulation by the observer
  107. 107Biological Psychologystudy of the physiological bases of behavior ( anatomy, neurotransmitters, etc)
  108. 108Neuronnerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system
  109. 109Dendritebranch-like structure of neurons that extend from the cell body
  110. 110Myelinsurrounds the axon, serves to protect the axon & speed up neural impulses
  111. 111NeurotransmittersChemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons...when released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse & bind to receptor sites on a receiving neuron
  112. 112Statistical Significanceif a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance
  113. 113Culturethe set of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, & traditions that exist within large groups of people
  114. 114Dopamineneurotransmitter meant to affect a person's movement, learning, attention, & emotion (too little is associated with ADHD and in extreme cases Parkinson's) (too much will trigger paranormal thoughts & hallucinations ie Schizophrenia)
  115. 115Stratified Samplemini-reproduction of the population
  116. 116Measures of Central Tendency1 number that represents a group of numbers (mean, median, mode)
  117. 117Measures of Variabilityconcerned with the dispersion of the scores (range & standard deviation)
  118. 118SerotoninControls the body's mood, sleep, hunger, & arousal (too little is associated with depression & possible anxiety & eating disorders)
  119. 119Acetylcholineneurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction (too little is associated with Alzheimer's or memory loss)
  120. 120Central Nervous Systembrain & spinal cord
  121. 121Brainstemoldest part & central core of brain..beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull...responsible for automatic survival functions
  122. 122Medullabase of the brainstem; controls heartbeat & breathing
  123. 123Reticular Formationpart of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, & filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli...one of oldest portions of brain
  124. 124Thalamusfunction includes relaying sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex, sits on top of brainstem
  125. 125Cerebellumregion at the back of the brain that plays an important role in balance, motor control & implicit memories
  126. 126Limbic Systemset of brain structures including the hippocampus & the amygdala in the center of the brain involved in emotion & memory
  127. 127Amygdalabrain part involved in processing emotions, particularly negative ones such as fear or anger
  128. 128Hypothalamusbrain part that is involved in hunger, thrist, body temperature, & is link from the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
  129. 129Cerebral Cortexdivided into left & right hemisphere...where info processing takes place...plays key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness
  130. 130Glial Cellsnon-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, & provide support & protection for neurons in the brain
  131. 131Lesiontissue destruction...naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
  132. 132Hindbrainposterior part of the brain, consists of the medulla, the pons & the cerebullum
  133. 133EEG (electroencephalogram)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface..measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
  134. 134Midbrainportion of brain located just above the medulla & pons & contains basic vision & hearing functions as well as the nerve pathways between the cerebral hemispheres & the medulla oblongata...is input center for muscle movement
  135. 135CT Scancomputed tomography scan...series of x-rays taken at different angles & combined into a 3D X-ray basically
  136. 136Frontal Lobeportion of cerebral cortex lying just behind forehead; involved in speaking & muscle movements & in making plans & judgements
  137. 137PET Scanvisual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task (colors)
  138. 138Parietal Lobeportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head & toward the rear...includes sensory cortex, involved in sensations such as smell & touch
  139. 139MRIuses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft-tissue..allows us to see structures within the brain
  140. 140Occipital Lobeportion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head..includes the visual areas..which receive info from the opposite visual field
  141. 141Temporal Lobeportion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears...includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory info primarily from the opposite ear
  142. 142Endocrine Systembody's slow chemical communication system...set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  143. 143HormonesChemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in 1 tissue and affect another....slow messengers but they affect many areas of the body
  144. 144Adrenal Glandspair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys..secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help arouse the body in times of need
  145. 145Motor Cortex (or Strip)area at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
  146. 146Pituitary Glandendocrine systems most influential gland...under influence of hypothalamus, it regulates growth & controls other endocrine glands
  147. 147Sensory Cortex (or Strip)area at front of parietal lobes that registers & processes body sensations
  148. 148Association Areasareas of cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor/sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions ie learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking (humans have more space devoted to association than any other animal)
  149. 149Phineas Gagerailroad worker whose frontal lobe was massively damaged after an iron rod was shot up his skull...although his mental abilities & memories were intact his personality was not...his moral compass became disconnected from his behavior
  150. 150Aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
  151. 151Broca's Areaarea of left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
  152. 152Wernicke's Areaarea in left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension & expression
  153. 153Enviromentevery non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people & things around us
  154. 154Identical Twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in 2, creating genetically identical organisms
  155. 155Plasticitybrain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) & in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
  156. 156Corpus Callosumlarge band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres & carrying messages between them
  157. 157Split BrainCondition where the 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them to control grand seizures...language is a left hemisphere task, these people cant report out loud what something is if they only see it with their left eye
  158. 158Absolute Thresholdsmallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses (vision, taste, smell, and touch)
  159. 159Wavelengthdistance from one wave peak to the next
  160. 160Huedimension of color that is detrmined by the wavelength of light (red-long wavelength) (purple- short wavelength)
  161. 161Intensityamount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude..brightness, loudness (high amplitude: bright pink) (low amplitude: burnt orange)
  162. 162Signal Detection TheoryPredicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)..assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivations, and level of fatigue
  163. 163Irisring of muscle that forms colored protion of the eye around the pupil & controls size of pupil
  164. 164Subliminalbelow one's absolute threshold for constant awareness
  165. 165difference thresholdminimum difference a person can detect between 2 stimuli..experience as just a noticeable difference (Weight: differ by 2%) (Pitch: tones must differ in frequency by 0.3%)(light: 8% difference in intensity)
  166. 166Accomodationchange in shape of lens, focus near objects...lens loses it's ability to accomodate as we age, so it becomes more difficult to focus on near objects..explains why young children rarely need glasses
  167. 167Weber's Lawprincipal that to perceive their difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant min percent rater than a constant amount..
  168. 168Retinainner surface, light sensitive, rods & cones within, layers of neurons, beginning of visual info processing
  169. 169Sensory Adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation
  170. 170Nearsightednessnearby objects seen more clear, lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina
  171. 171Farsightednesscondition where faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina
  172. 172Colorblindnessinability/decreased ability to see color/perceive color differences, caused by a mutation on the X-chromosome & red-green color blindness is the most common
  173. 173Color Constancyperceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
  174. 174Auditionsense of hearing
  175. 175Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white, & gray; necessary for peripheral & twilight vision...when cones don't respond
  176. 176Conesreceptor cells that are concentrated near the center of retina & that function in daylight/in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail & give rise to color sensations
  177. 177Middle Earchamber between eardrum & cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the ear drum of the cochlea's oval window
  178. 178Optic Nervenerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  179. 179Blind Spotpoint where the optic nerve laves the eye creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there
  180. 180Foveacentral focal point in the retina, around where the eye's cones cluster
  181. 181Corneatransparent, dome-shaped tissue forming the front of the eye, covering the iris & pupil
  182. 182Cochleacoiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger impulses
  183. 183Semicircular Canalshouse the fluid that monitors equilibrium (controls sense of balance)
  184. 184Place Theorytheory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated (pitch in ear)
  185. 185Frequency Theorytheory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch (pitch in brain)
  186. 186Feature Detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, ie shape, angle or movement
  187. 187Trichromatic Theorytheory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors- 1 sensitive to red, 1 to green, 1 to blue, which when stimulated in combo can produce perception of any color, can't explain color blindness
  188. 188Conduction Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
  189. 189Sensorineural Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to auditory nerves (a.k.a nerve deafness)
  190. 190Opponent Process Theorytheory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
  191. 191Basic 4 Touch SensationsPressure, Warmth, Cold, Pain
  192. 192Sensory Interactionprinciple that 1 sense may influence another
  193. 193Olfactorycells that respond selectively to an aroma, the sense of smell
  194. 194Relative Sizeif we assume 2 objects as a similar size, we perceive the bigger 1 closer up, and the smaller 1 further away (monocular depth cue)
  195. 195Interpositionif 1 object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer (monocular depth cue)
  196. 196Motion Parallaxas we move, objects that are actually still will appear to move
  197. 197Perceptual Constancyperceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination & retinal images change
  198. 198Kinethesissystem for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts
  199. 199Vestibuar Sensesense of body movement & position including sense of balance(located in semicircular canals)
  200. 200Selective Attentionfocusing of conscious awareness of a particular stimulus

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Flashcards on AP Psychology Vocabulary Flashcards P.1, created by Ari the Mermaid on 29/04/2016.
Created by
Ari the Mermaid · Apr 2016
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Apr 6, 2018
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