Flashcards
World Music Final
Cards in this deck (90)
- 1Haiti ColonizationSpanish, then French colony in 1697 and in 1804 became 1st independent nation in Caribbean
- 2Carib & Arawakindigenous groups of Haiti
- 3Vodou Ritualis the syncretic religion that emerged out of the folk cultures from West African Vodun, and incorporation of catholic elements into Vodun.
Drumming/dancing/song are "calls" to the Lwa to enter the ceremony
- 4Rada Rite = older, more African "cooler"Addressed to certain deities (loa). Legs (guardian of crossroads opens gates to ceremony), Ogoun (god of iron depicted with a sword, fierce, active).
Petwo-Kongo = developed in independence struggle, more militaristic and "fiery"
- 5Lwathought to live in Ginen (mythologized african homeland) invited into a Vodou ceremony to possess initiates
- 6Syncretic Religionthe blending of two religions
- 7Jamaica Colonization1494 Columbus + British colony 1655 + Independence 1962
- 8RastafarianismMovement/cult/religion: where the goal was repatriation to Africa (Blacks would gain what was taken away from them by whites)
- 9Haile Selassie IKing of Ethiopia, is regarded by Rastafarians as the Black Messiah and is a figure of salvation.
- 10Marcus GarveyAnti-colonialism in Africa and people from African diaspora to return to continent.
- 11Mento + Rumba Box 1940sJamaican folk music, lyrics often humorous & sexual innuendos. Rhythm, off beat accents. instrumentation: Rumba box (lamellaphone/plucked strings)
- 12Ska 1960sNeed for faster and more electric
dance music, Combines “mento” with American swing (brass instrumentation)
- 13Rocksteady Summer 1966Too hot to dance to fast ska/mento rhythms. STEADY, SLOWER rhythms that kept characteristics of ska/mento.
Popular with lower class youth, “Rude Boys”. Songs in rocksteady became about social protest
- 14Dancehall 1950s & 60sDancehalls for lower-class. DJs operating systems, providing improvised commentary on songs, characterized by rhyming and attention getting verbal sounds, and vocables & multiple dialects called toasting + dubbing (mixing various songs together)
- 15Reggae 1968Rastafarian culture latched onto
musical culture, Two-chord guitar pahern, bass, drum
- 16Trinidad and Tobago Colonization1797: The Caribs surrendered to British
1962: Trinidad and Tobago gained independence from Britain
1976: Officially became a republic
- 171962Trinidad and Tobago gained independence from Britain
- 18CarnivalA festival preceding Lent in the capital city, Port of Spain nonstop music/dance. Began as an upper class celebration that excluded the working classes BUT Was taken over by the, “rowdy classes” by mid 1800s
- 19Calypso“musical commentary” on current events, origins in west Africa as praise poetry, defiance of colonialism.
Musically Calypso: duple meter, European derived harmonics and instruments, very rhythmic.
- 20Cuba ColonizationCuban revolution in 1959 led to Fidel Castro’s dictatorship. African slaves from 1522 allowed to preserve OG culture. Spanish American war = 1898…1902 independence from American control.
- 21Cuban SonAfro Cuban pop music, 1920 Cuban national identity, instrumentation includes: tres, clave, and maracas, polyphonic singing, trumpet plays main theme, cowbell
- 22ClaveRhythm pattern: 5 beat rhythmic & highly syncopated
- 23MarimbulaCuban instrument bass instrument that has 8 plucked metal strings. The marimbula is the Cuban instrument similar to the Rumba Box from Jamaica
- 24Montunofinal section of many Cuban son pieces, improvised and has a faster tempo
- 25Dominican Republic - Rafael Leonidas Trujilo MolinaFormer dictator 1930-1961, instilled Hatian fear on his people
- 26Merengue dance movesFolk: derived from West Africa, side-step shuffle evokes chained feet of slaves, call and response. Ballroom: originally music of lower class, large orchestra, crooning vocalist tambura/guira rhythm.
- 27Instrument of Dominican Republic: Güiraa metal scraper (idiophone) from the Dominican Republic used as a percussion instrument in merengue
- 28Amazon Rainforest - Kayapo Xikrin Naming ritual(similar to a christening). Kayapo Xikrin is a ceremony to provide child with ancestral name, solidifies marriage, men & women choral music
- 29Eagle cryopening to the listening example
- 30Totemsa plant, animal or natural object used as an emblem
- 31Listening example: Amazonian ChantChant = unison group singing, unaccompanied, few pitches, monophonic, male voices, syllabic, mostly consistent dynamic level
- 32Peru Inca Empire?
- 33Sikuri EnsembleSiku (panpipes), 52 musicians, repetitive melody, bombos (drums), sounds joyful, women dance in circle around men playing, performed during festivals and rites, communal activity for all, polyphonic (interlocking parts of the Siku express ideal of playing as one), communal response crucial for Sikuri performance
- 34Parallel Polyphonywhen 2 melodies follow roughly the same melodic contour, but start on different pitches
- 35Instrument of Peru: Bombos & SikuBombos (drums) & Siku (panpipes, aerophone)
- 36ArgentinaDance form derives from the Cuban habanera, the Argentine milonga, and candombe. Influenced by music from Europe especially the minuet Salon music.
- 37Tangosimple quadruple meter, social dance to accompany, derives from Cuban Habanera & Argentine Milonga
- 38Astor PiazollaInfluenced Tango music by combining fusion of jazz and classical. Piazolla also played bandoneon which is common characteristic of Tango music.
- 39Porteños (Port People)tango created by the porteños in 1880s, people from the slums around docks of Buenos Aires, disenfranchised immigrants, former soldiers
- 40Instrument of Argentina: BandoneonBandoneon is crucial for tango sound, it is an aerophone (similar to an accordion)
- 41Brazil Colonization1889: Brazil becomes a republic
- 42Maxixe"Brazilian tango" w/ Portuguese court and African based dance styles. Dance = A walking two-step movement that mimics the “polka” steps.
- 43Escolas de Samba- Samba Schools: BateriaParticipants are known as sambistas. Schools consist of a variety of percussion
instruments collectively known as bateria; Makes use of the habanera rhythmic matrix
- 44Instrumentation of Brazil: Choro "to cry"Small instrumental ensemble comprised of chordophones (guitar-like), and a lead aerophone (usually a flute or clarinet). Choro made use of extensive lyricism & Incorporated syncopated dance form of the maxixe
- 45SambaPolyrhythmic, ‘squeaking’ timbre if the cuica (friction drum), lead male soloist, very popular during Carnival season, from the meaning “belly bump”, originated in Rio known as “little Africa”,
- 46Mexico ColonizationIndependence from Spain: Declared on September 16th, 1810
Recognized eleven years later in 1821.
- 47Mariachi 1920s, 40sstarted as drunken men in a plaza gambling/dancing/screaming. Instruments: guitar, trumpet, singers, violin.
By 1775, these three genres: European, Indigenous, and African, blended and became: Mestizo (mixed) Music
- 48Instrumentation of Mexico: Vihuela & GuitarronVihuela is small guitar that’s five stringed with high pitch. Guitarron is a larger, lower version of the vihuela and is utilized in place of the harp for a bass like accompaniment
- 49Plaza GaribaldiCenter for Mariachi ensemble business affairs
Plaza Garibaldi today: daily gathering of hundreds of mariachi musicians seeking clients and performance opportunities.
- 50The Singing Charro1936 film that established a new musical genre known as the singing charro (traditional Mexican cowboy). Mariachi association with Charro genre resulted in development of professional Mariachi attire
- 51Canada 1000 AD Viking SettlementL’Anse Aux Meadows, 1534 French presence along St. Lawrence River
- 52First Nationsethnocentric accounts by Europeans, assimilated musical expressions of immigrant settlers (abandonment of native traditions, Canadian gov passed ordinances against ceremonies, First Nations protest music of 20th century)
- 531609 Marc LescarbotFirst to transcribe First Nations music (Solfege syllables to notates)
- 54Buffy Sainte-MarieFirst Nations folk activist, sang song “My Country ‘Tis of Thy People You’re Dying”, which uses the concept of intertextuality, known for provocative language, part of Plains Cree tribe in Saskatchewan.
- 55Cape Breton Fiddlingstrong Celtic presence, the ceilidh, the fiddle, Scottish step dancing (Peurt a Beul).
- 56Intertextualitytaking text of one thing and putting it into another text, creating a new meaning
- 57Buddy MacMaster (fiddler in Cape Breton listening example)brought Cape Breton fiddling to a wider world stage, worked on Canadial national railway and fiddled on the side, at 65 recorded his first album, opened for White Stripes with McIsaac in 2007.
- 58Peurt A BeulVocal dance accompaniment in abscense of instruments; complex rhythms, traditional form of Scottish songs native to Cape Breton Island.
- 59Anglo-American Ballad "Barbara Allen"Ballad about a dying man falling in love with Barbara Allen. She refuses his love but after he dies, she dies as well
- 60Francis James Child 1825-1896Harvard's first English Professor. 1898 published Ballads book, compiling the verses not music of over 1000 ballads. not from live singers
- 61Cecil J Sharp 1859-1924Revealed that America and Canada already had a living oral ballad tradition from Britain. 1917, english folk songs from the Southern Appalachians was published based on his collection of folk songs (again, not music)
- 62Old Regular Baptist Lined Hymn: 18701870: the old regular Baptists were officially founded out of earlier Baptist groups in eastern Kentucky
- 63Calvinismreformed theology; comes from French theologian John Calvin, who influenced the idea that psalms could be sung in church
- 64"Lining Out"a performance practice in which a leader gave out the line of text before the rest sings along.
- heterophonic texture (simultaneous variation of a single melodic line), unmetered, unaccompanied voices
- 65Shape Note Music OriginsShifted away from the old way of singing by end of 1600s to go towards regular singing (needed to establish musical notation system so people could understand the music)
- 66Solfege System?
- 671802William Smith & William Little developed "shape notes"
- 68The Sacred HarpCollection of shape note tunes complied in Georgia in 1844. Sacred Harp singings held 1 weekend/month in rural baptist churches. Annual conventions & arrangement of pews
- 69Arrangement of PewsThe Sacred Harp: church setting was set up like this
- 70FugingForm: AB (both sung in solfege) AB (actual syllables). "Fuging" in the B section...melodic imitation in parts. Basses begin the melody then the other parts join in imitation.
- 71Bill Monroe & Bluegrass BoysThe “father of bluegrass”. His group discarded the ‘hillbilly’ aspect of bluegrass & incorporated suits + cowboy hats.
- 72“High Lonesome Sound”Learned mandolin (informally) as main instrument early on, "high lonesome" tenor sound.
A tenor harmony over a lower baritone vocal melody, accompanied by string instruments (banjo, mandolin, violin, double bass)
- 73Grand Ole OpryA well known radio program on Nashville radio. Monroe and Bluegrass Boys were prominent on this program as well as many others.
- 741948 Stanley BrothersAnother popular bluegrass duo, recorded "Molly and Tenbrooks" in Bluegrass Boys style, defining the bluegrass style. Function of bluegrass: concert music, not sing along, represented rural america but on a stage
- 75Double StopsPlaying 2 notes at once. Prominent in the violin solos (holding an open string while fingering a lower or higher neighboring string). Homophonic texture.
- 76“Newgrass” or Progressive Bluegrass 1960s & 1970sThe newer spin on the more traditional & more popular bluegrass. Electric guitars, drums, piano, more "crossover", more varied chord progressions.
- 77African-American Spirituals 1801Richard Allen founded first independent African Methodist episcopal Church (1794). In 1801 Allen created collection of fave hymns he’s taught during worship.
- 78Ring Ritualform of expression through singing and dancing that began early 1700s, call and response singing, spirituality, dance in counterclockwise fashion and utilizes whole body with emphasis on rhythm.
- 79Content of Lyricscall and response, expressions of great pain/sorrow/hope, portrayed triumph of ordinarily lowly people over the powerful (underdog seeking victory), lyrics pertaining old and new testament; revolving around masters and obedience, lyrics ultimately illustrated hope.
- 80Signal Songs/Map Songs (Coded Messages)slaves were able to used coded messages to communicate to each other and outsmart their masters. Signal songs contained phrases that were about escaping to freedom, map songs contained elements of a map that directed people to safety.
- 81Fisk Jubilee SingersAfrican American a capella ensemble organized in 1871, goal was to introduce the world to Spirituals that their African American slave decedents have been singing for years. The OG singers toured across the world including along the Underground Railroad.
- 82Paul RobesonRobeson (1898-1976) considered the most famous singers of the Spirituals and performed concerts playing them.
- 83Native American Plains Indian dance songmale vocals, double sided frame drum, this song and dance would be performed at a Powwow or other ceremonies.
- 84VocablesNon-lexical text used in music to create rhythm, patterns, and tempos in a song.
- 85Powwowone of the gatherings where song and dance would be performed
- 86Native American Instrumentation: Native American Flutetraditional instrument that was second only to the drum held in front of the player, instrument plays like a recorder
- 87Country Blues/Folk Blues Chord Progressionsolo style, ambiguous tonality, raspy growls for vocal timbre, folk instruments (guitar), emphasis on improvisation, basic patterns emerge: 12-Bar blues form and AAB lyric form.
- 88Robert Johnson 1911-1938"musical hobo" in the south, wild and nomadic. MOST influential blues guitarist through his recordings (no commercial success from 11 recordings he made in his lifetime)
- 89Recognize Listening Example: Nuyorican Salsas
- 90Recognize Listening Example: Cajun Musics
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- Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Amazon Rainforest, Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, U.S.
- Created by
- taylor.mitchell8
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