5407132
Description
Flashcards by Charlotte H, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Charlotte H
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is cardiovascular efficiency? | How well the heart copes with aerobic exercise and how quickly it recovers afterwards. It is often used as a measure of general fitness |
| What does being healthy mean? | Being free from infectious disease and having total physical and mental wellbeing |
| What does being fit mean? | How much physical activity you can do and how quickly you recover afterwards |
| What is a normal resting pulse rate for an adult? | Between 60bpm and 100bpm |
| The _____ pumps blood around the body in _____ _______ called arteries, ___________ and _____ | Heart, Blood vessels, Capillaries, Veins |
| How does the heart pump the blood around the body? | Alternately relaxes to fill with blood and contracts to squeeze the blood out to the arteries, so the blood is always under pressure |
| Why is the blood always under pressure? | So that it reaches all the cells to supply them with oxygen and glucose for respiration. It also enables CO2 to be removed by the lungs as a waste product |
| What is blood pressure a measure of and what is it measured in? | The force of blood per unit area. It is measured in mm Hg (millimetres of mercury) |
| What are the two types of blood pressure and when are they used? | Systolic blood pressure is used when the heart muscle contracts. Diastolic blood pressure is used when the heart muscle relaxes |
| What is a normal blood pressure? | About 120/80mmHg |
| Name 3 factors that can affect blood pressure | Age Lifestyle Stress Levels Smoking Excess alcohol Excess weight High levels of Salt High levels of saturated fat |
| Why is long-term high blood pressure dangerous? | Blood vessels can weaken and eventually burst. Burst blood vessels in the brain (aneurism) or kidneys can cause permanent damage |
| Why is low blood pressure dangerous? | The blood doesn't circulate efficiently so some parts of the body are deprived of glucose and oxygen. This can lead to dizziness and fainting together with poor circulation |
| What are the five main food groups in a balanced diet? | Carbohydrates, Fruit + Veg, Protein, Dairy and Sugary/Fatty foods |
| What are the four other components in a balanced diet? | Minerals, Vitamins, Fibre and Water |
| What are carbohydrates and fats stored as? | Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver. Fats are stored as adipose tissue around organs or under the skin |
| What are proteins made up of? | Long chains of amino acids, there are two types, essential and non-essential |
| What is the difference between the two types of amino acids? | Essential amino acids cannot be made in the body wheres non-essential can be made in the body |
| What type of proteins are: Meat and Fish Plant Proteins | Meat and fish are first class proteins because they contain all the different types of amino acids. Plant proteins are second class proteins because they don't contain all the necessary amino acids |
| What is Kwashiorkor? | A protein deficiency disease. The muscles waste because the proteins in them are used for energy and the stomach swells up due to too much fluid |
| What are infectious diseases caused by and how are they spread? | Microorganisms which attack and invade the body. They are spread from one person to another through unhygienic conditions or contact with an infected person |
| How can non-infection diseases be caused? | Poor diet Organ malfunction Genetic inheritance |
| What is Cancer caused by and what are the types of tumour? | Mutations in living cells. Cancerous cells divide in abnormal ways, forming lumps of cells called tumours. A benign tumour is one that isn't cancerous but a malignant tumour is one that spreads and grows in other parts of the body so therefore is cancerous. |
| What is a pathogen and what are the different types? | Disease-causing microorganisms. There are: Fungi Viruses Bacteria Protozoa |
| The best way to control a disease like malaria is to control the _______. The most effective way of controlling ________ mosquito numbers is to target specific points in their ____ _____. | Vectors, malarial, life cycle |
| Name three ways in which the body defends itself against pathogens | Skin acts as a barrier Respiratory system is lined with specialised cells that produce a sticky mucus that traps microorganisms Stomach produces HCl which kills pathogens on the food we eat Blood clots in wounds to stop them from entering the bloodstream |
| What are Phagocytes? | A type of white blood cell that moves around the bloodstream looking for pathogens. They engulf and digest the pathogens when they find some |
| What are Lymphocytes? | A type of white blood cell that recognise molecular markers on the surface of the pathogen called antigens. They produce antibodies that lock onto the antigens and kill the pathogens. |
| Why do white blood cells have to make unique antibodies for each pathogens antigens? | Every pathogen has its own unique set of antigens so the antibodies for one pathogen won't work for another |
| What is the difference between active and passive immunity? | Active immunity is when the body has produced the antibodies by itself and you get long-term protection wheres passive immunity is when the antibodies are put into the individual's body, this means that you don't get long-term protection because your body didn't produce the antibodies by itself |
| Describe the process of immunisation | A weakened or dead strain of the pathogen is injected. The pathogen is harmless but the antigens trigger the white blood cells to produce the specific antibodies needed. Memory cells remain 'sensitised' meaning that they can produce the antibodies quicker if the same pathogen is detected |
| What are the benefits of immunisation? | Protects against diseases that could kill or cause disability. If everyone is vaccinated then the disease cannot spread and eventually dies out (this is what happened with smallpox) |
| What is a risk related to immunisation? | Someone could have an allergic reaction to the vaccine |
| Which type of pathogens can be treated with antibiotics? | Bacteria and fungi |
| ___________ are very useful effective at killing ________. However there are some that are _________ _________ to particular antibiotics. | Antibiotics, bacteria, naturally resistant |
| What methods can be used to test drugs? | Computer models Animals Human tissue that was grown in a laboratory Healthy volunteers Volunteers that have been given the relevant disease |
| What is a blind trial? | The volunteers don't know wether they have been give the drug or the placebo. This eliminates any phycological This helps to provide a fair comparison between the results of the two |
| What is a double blind trial? | Similar to a blind trial but neither the volunteers or the doctors know which pill has been given. This eliminates all bias from the test because the doctors can't influence the volunteers' responses in any way |
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