Chapter 3 Research

Question	Answer
epidemiological research	study of incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of childhood disorders and competencies in clinic-referred of community samples
incidence rates	extent to which new cases of disorder appear over a specified period
prevalence rates	all cases, new or old, observed during a specified period of time
correlates	variables associated with a particular point in time, with no clear proof that one proceeds the other
risk factor	variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases chances of negative outcome
cause	influence either directly or indirectly through other variables, the occurrence of a behaviour or disorder of interest
moderator variable	influence the direction of strength of the relationship of variables of interest ex. child's sex, age, cultural background, etc
mediator variable	the process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome (describe what happens @ psychological or neurobiological level to explain how one variable results from another)
randomized controlled trials (RTC's)	children with a particular problem are randomly assigned to different treatment and control conditions
treatment efficacy	whether treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions
treatment effectiveness	whether the treatment can be shown to work in clinical practice, not just well-controlled conditions
reliability	consistency, happens over and over again, a NECESSARY CONDITION for validity
internal consistency	are reports of the symptoms consistent?
test-retest reliability	do we get the same answer on different measurement occasions? (**some constructs SHOULD change over time)
validity	am I measuring what I think I'm measuring
convergent validity	are scores on the measure related to other measures or indicators of the SAME construct? ex. my new scale of depression should be correlated with other scales of depression
discriminant validity	are scores on the measure DIFFERENT from scores of other constructs? (ex. my new scale of depression should NOT show incredibly high correlations with a scale of anxiety)
EEG (electroencephalogram)	measure electric activity in the brain with ongoing thinking, emotion or states of arousal
naturalistic observation	unstructured, in child's natural environment
structured observation	usually in a lab, highly structured, involving specific tasks or instructions
external validity	degree to which findings can be generalized, or extended, to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the ones in a particular study
retrospective design	sample of people identified at current time and asked for info related to earlier time
real-time prospective designs	research sample is identified and then followed over time, with data collected at specified time intervals
analogue research	specific variable of interest under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation for which one wished to generalize, purpose is to illuminate a specific process that would otherwise be difficult to study
4 types of research designs	case study, single-case experimental design, A-B-A-B reversal design, multiple-baseline design
single-case experimental design	systematic repeated assessment of behaviour over time, replication of treatment effects WITHIN SAME SUBJECT over time, etc...
A-B-A-B reversal design	baseline taken, intervention phase, return to baseline, intervention reintroduced (to find if they're due to intervention or not)
multiple-baseline design	baseline observed over time, then challenged one problem at a time
cross-sectional research	different kids at different ages/periods of development are studied at the same point in time
qualitative research	focuses on narrative accounts, description, interpretation, context and meaning, purpose is to describe, interpret and understand the phenomenon of interest in the context

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