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Abnormal psychology Chapter 13

shattering.illus English 66 cards

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  1. 1Schizophreniadevastating psychotic disorder involving characteristic disturbances in thinking, delusions, perception, hallucinations, speech, emotions, Bhav
  2. 23 categories of schizophrenia Emil Kraepelin 18991) Catatonia - immobility/ excited agitation
    2) hebephrenia - silly/ immature emotion
    3) paranoia - delusions of grandeur and persecution
  3. 3dementia praecox Kraepelinlatin - premature loss of mind, frequent appearance in adolescences, early term for schizo.
  4. 4Kraepelin's second contribution to understanding schizo.defining the difference b/w manic depression/ bi-polar and schizo.
  5. 5Eugen Blauler 1908 associated splitting- came up w/ term schizo.
    - separation among basic human functioning of personality that is seen by some as defining characteristic
  6. 6psychoticunusual Bhav including: delusions, hallucinations
  7. 7positive symptomsobvious signs of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations
  8. 8delusions 50-70% of ppl experience w/ schizo.misrepresentation of reality, disorder of thought content
  9. 93 different types of delusion1) delusions of grandeur
    2) delusions of persecution
    3) Cotard's syndrome
    4)Capgras syndrome
  10. 10Cotard's Syndrome Capgras Syndrome- person believes his/ her body has changed in some way
    - believes someone he or she knows has been replaced by double
  11. 11Hallucinationexperience of sensory events w/out any input from surrounding environment
  12. 12auditory hallucinations fMRI resultshigher metabolic activity in left primary auditory cortex, right middle temporal gyrus, mistake of higher persons own inner voice as outside or not themselves
  13. 13negative symptoms 25% of schizo.s experienceabsence or insufficiency of normal Bhav: emotional w/drawal, apathy, poverty of thought, or speech
  14. 14Avolition/ Apathyinability to initiate & persist in activities: little interest in daily life function, personal hygiene
  15. 15Avolition Stats-28% of schizo.s experience
    - only related to emotional w/drawal and poor outcome
  16. 16Alogiarelative absence of speech, reflects negative thought disorder, trouble finding words to formulate right sentences
  17. 17Anhedonialack of pleasurable experiences or wish to partake: eating, social interactions, sexual relations
  18. 18Anhedonia stats- linked to depression, relates to delay of seeking treatment
    - correlated to negative symptoms
  19. 19Affective flattening 2/3 of schizo experiencesimilar to ppl wearing a mask because, do not show emotions normally, stare vacantly, speak in flat tone, unaffected by what is going on around
  20. 20Asocialitysevere deficits in social relationships, having few friends, little social interest, poor social skills
  21. 21Disorganized Symptomserratic Bhav affecting speech, motor Bhav, emotional reactions.
  22. 22disorganized speechstyle of talking involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns
  23. 23tangentialitygoing off on tangents instead of answering a specific question
  24. 24inappropriate affectlaughing or crying at improper times, exhibit odd Bhav, holding postures, fidgeting,
  25. 25catatonic immobilityholding unusual postures, fearful something terrible may occur, waxy flexibility, keep bodies in positions that others put them in
  26. 26paranoid type of schizophreniadelusions & hallucinations, generally do not have disorganized speech or flat affect, problems w/ social info processing & recognizing facial expression
  27. 27disorganized type of schizophrenia/ hebephrenicdisruption in speech & Bhav, flat affect, inappropriate affect, spend lots of time looking in mirrors, fragmented delusions, lacks remission
  28. 28catatonic type of schizophreniaunusual motor responses, remaining in fixed positions, excessive activity, odd body & facial mannerisms, repeat of echo words & movements
  29. 29ecopraxia echolalia- copy body movements of others
    -copying words of others
  30. 304 types of catatonic stype1) negative w/drawal - lack of movement 2) Automatic - routine obedience 3) Repetitive/ echo 4) agitated/resistive
  31. 31undifferentiated type of schizo.-individual does not fit into anyone category, major symptoms from more then one
  32. 32residual type of schizophreniaone episode but no longer manifest major symptoms left w/ negative self image, asociality making it residual
  33. 332 Crow's Model of Schizo1)type I - positive symptoms and treatment base 2) Type II - negative symptoms and treatment
  34. 34schizophreniform disorderinvolves symptoms of schizophrenia for less then 6 months
  35. 35schizoaffective disorderschizophrenia and mood disorder, individuals tend not to get better, it is a life long condition
  36. 36delusional disorder 20-34/100 000 ppl in pop.persistent belief that is contrary to reality, subtypes: grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, erotomanic
  37. 37brief psychotic disorderpsychotic disturbances including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, Bhav, lasts only month after stress
  38. 38shared psychotic disorder/ folie a deuxcondition in w/h an individual develops delusions simply as result of close rela. w/ delusional person
  39. 393 Development and schizo1) more negative emotional reactions 2)brain damage in early years, progressive deterioration 3) tend to be remissions and degeneration throughout life
  40. 402 Schizo Genetic1) Genes are responsible for causing some individuals to be vulnerable 2) multiple genes are responsible
  41. 415 family studies1) severity of parents disorder influenced childs schizo. 2) all forms of schizo seen in families 3) may inherit any form of schizo not just one from parents 4) family risk for spectrum of psychotic disorders 5) more genes in common, more likely to get schizo
  42. 423 Twin studies1) ID twins share 100% likelihood when raised together 2) faternal twins 50%3) genain quadruplets: all have schizo. w/ varying times of onset & severity
  43. 433 Adoption Studies1) biological mother has schizo, adopted child has 5% of getting 2) mother has schizo & related psychotic disorder -child increases to 22% 3) protective factor if brought up in healthy home
  44. 442 facts: offspring of twins1) 1.7% of children w/ schizo. have no parents w/ schizo 2) 17% chance of inheritance from mono, mono-co & di twin as parents, 2% chance from di-co twin
  45. 452 genes increase likelihood of getting schizo after smoking weed1)COMT - catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL - valine = 158 alleles 2) compared to two copies of MET - methionine
  46. 46smooth-pursuit eye movement/ eye trackinga marker for schizophrenia when individual cannot hold eye contact w/ pendulum swinging
  47. 473 Dopamine T. supports1) Dopamine - too active, D2 2) L-Dopa produces schizo-like symptoms 3) Amphetamines increase schizo- symptoms
  48. 483 Dopamine T. contradictions1) dopamine antagonists dont always work 2) neuroleptics block reception of dopamine symptoms subside for days/ weeks 3) drugs only slightly reduce negative symptoms
  49. 493 theories involved in Neurotransmitters1) lack of D2 receptors striatum of basal ganglia 2) lack of prefrontal D1 receptors 3) blocking glutamate, NMDA receptor create psychotic like symptoms
  50. 502 reasons forEnlarged Ventricles1) deficits in ability to attend reaction & exercises 2) increased size of ventricles - atrophy of brain or adjacent parts are not fully developed
  51. 512 reasons for hypofrontality1) less activity in frontal lobe & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex due to Wisconsin card sorting task and eye tracking 2)thalmus, subcortical circuits, stratum
  52. 523 viral influences on schizo.1) A2 influenza introduced in second trimester 2) second trimester problems w/ cell migration 3) ridge count may be an indicator
  53. 535 stresses and schizo.1) high correlation w/ schizo. following extremely stressful events 2) 55% of a study had relapse w/out stressful event 3) lower class society increased schizo. = sociogenic hypothesis 4) social selection hypothesis - inability to hold job w/ schizo. 5) lack of social support
  54. 54schizophrenogenicterm for children w/ schizo as result of cold, unloving, dominant, rejecting mother
  55. 55double blindcommunication style produced by conflicting messages of cold to love causing confusion in child, unsupported theory
  56. 56expressed emotion EEhigher levels of criticism, hostility, emotional overinvolvement creates higher relapse
  57. 573 timeline Treatments1) 1930s lobotomy, ECT, insulin coma 2) 1950s neuroleptics (60% effective), chlorpromazine 3) 1990 clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine - 3/4 of patients, fewer side effects
  58. 58extrapyramidal symptomsmotor difficulties, Parkinsons like symptoms
  59. 59akinesiaexpressionless face, slow motor activity, monotone speeach
  60. 60Tardive Dyskinesiainvoluntary movement of tongue, mouth, jaw, face, protrusions of tongue, puffing of cheeks, puckering of mouth, chewing movements
  61. 614 other side effects1) think/ concentration- 18% 2) salivation - 16% 3) blurred vision - 16% 4) negative view towards medication - 25%
  62. 62transcranical magnetic stimulationused to stimulation area where auditory hallucinations are seen, improvement occurs, only decreased loudness
  63. 634 psychosocial influences in treatment1) mainly not effective for actual schizo. 2) used to ensure compliance, use of drugs 3) self control through work & religion 4) group sessions encouraging self reliance, appropriate socialization
  64. 64token economyresidents could earn access to meals and small luxuries by behaving appropriately, daily activities
  65. 657 Treatments for social skills1) role play 2) teaching social skills 3) independent living skills program 4) stress management intervention 5) community support over institutionalization 6) Bhav family therapy 7) vocational rehabilitation
  66. 66CBT and schizocan be used to challenge delusions or hallucinations, to learn from trial and error that delusions in the mind

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Abnormal Psychology: Integrative Approach 3rd Canadian Edition Barlow Grant MacEwan University
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