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Flashcards by mad.maddie, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by mad.maddie
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| China's water supply? | 8% of global water supply, 22% of global population |
| China's water demand? | Fastest rate of increase for domestic use 240 litres/person/day 70% for irrigation |
| Causes of China's strain on supply? | Population increase Climate change Contaminated supplies - UNICEF found 1/2 of drinking water samples in 9 provinces had unacceptably high levels of bacteria. |
| Consequences of China's high demand? | Yellow River and major aquifers running dry Lost over 27000 rivers Beijing subsided .5-1m a year due to over extraction |
| India's water supply | 4% of global water supply, 16% of global population |
| India's water demand? | Demand > supply by 2020 Urban demand doubling Industrial demand tripling |
| Causes of India's water shortage? | 43% of precipitation never reaches rivers or aquifers 21 million wells - water tables falling rapidly |
| Canada's water insecurity | Population: 30 million GNI/person: $33000 Access to improved water: 100% Access to improved sanitation: 100% WPI: 78 |
| Ethiopia's water insecurity | Population: 62.9 million GNI/person: £170 Access to improved water: 24% Access to improved sanitation: 12% |
| Causes of shrinking Aral Sea? | Soviet govt. diverted river water seeing sea for irrigation & agriculture |
| Environmental consequences of shrinking Aral Sea? | By 2007 was 10% of its original size 75% surface water, 40% of groundwater polluted Salinisation |
| Social consequences of shrinking Aral Sea? | 60,000 locals now unemployed Health problems - wind blowing dust and salt from dried sea bed High infant mortality - 10% kids die in first year |
| Players in shrinking Aral Sea? | Soviet govt. Fishing communities Locals Farmers Engineers |
| What is Snowy Mountain Scheme - Australia? | Water transferred from Lake Eucumbene to Murray. To irrigate farms and provide water to drought stricken areas 16 major dams, 7 power stations |
| Environmental consequences of SMS? | Storage lake flooded and destroyed habitats and ecosystems Flow in mountains fallen to 1% of original discharge |
| Social consequences of SMS? | Farmer vs. city dweller disputes lead Aus. govt. to invest in water saving projects |
| Impact of water transfers on source area? | Reduced local supply Higher poverty levels Ecosystem changes Higher concentration of pollution Climate change exacerbates problems |
| Impact of water transfers of receiving area? | Increased use for development Improved human health Encourages unsustainable irrigation Transfers pollution to new location Destroys eco systems |
| River Ebro transfer project - Spain | Divert from lower river Ebro valley to cities and farmers in the South-East of Spain Cancelled 3 year later |
| Arguments for River Ebro Project | International investors wanted to develop area as the 'new Florida' Desalinisation alternative not proven & expensive EU funding was available |
| Arguments against River Ebro Project | 'Misuse of scarce resources' More recycling & efficient irrigation could be used Ebro aquifers already over extracted |
| Euphrates Basin Conflict | 90% of supply originates in Turkey Turks want to build dam to aid irrigation & control downstream supply Iraq and Syria downstream :( |
| Consequences of Euphrates dam? | Worsen Iraq & Syria's water quality Lower crop yields Reduce Syria's supply by 40% Climate change worsen impacts Potential water war |
| River Nile Conflict | 80% of supply in Ethiopia/Eritrea 94% used by Egypt/Sudan Claim Ancient Egypt has natural historical right over Nile |
| River Nile - not conflict | Anybody seen to reduce supply to Egypt is tampering with national security Threats to security of Egypt's agriculture asking for conflict |
| Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) | Partnership 'seeks to develop river in cooperative manner' Feb 1999 |
| Colorado River Compact 1922 | Divide supply between upper & lower basin states and Mexico Allocated in 1922 Agriculture allocated 80%, California largest share due to largest population |
| Colorado River Conflict - environmental impacts | USA extracts 90% of river water No longer reaches the sea in Mexico |
| Colorado River Conflict - social impacts | Population rise in other states - Nevada Poor crop choice - rice requires irrigation Ongoing disputes with indigenous groups Mexican & local fisherman moved |
| Reliance on River Ganges? | 450 million rely on water from Ganga - around 40% of population in India |
| Causes of strain on Ganges? | Industrial cities dump waste chemicals Religious activities - food & human remains thrown in |
| Consequences of Ganges pollution? | Unsanitary - leads to diseases e.g. Cholera, Hepatitis, Diarrhoea - deaths Activists protesting for cleaner Ganges - GAP 2000 |
| Ganges Action Plan 2000 (GAP) | $4 million campaign No untreated sewage/wastewater to enter river by 2020 |
| 3 Gorges Dam China | Largest hydro power plant in the world $26 billion Beijing 8 billion m3/year |
| Social costs of 3 Gorges Dam | Up to 1.9 million forced to move 100+ lives lost in building |
| Social benefits of 3 Gorges Dam | 250,000 jobs created |
| Political costs of 3 Gorges Dam | Terrorist target Protests against building |
| Political benefits of 3 Gorges Dam | Better network for transport and trade |
| Economic costs of 3 Gorges Dam | £62 billion Loss of land - 10% increase in food shortage Need to import grain |
| Economic benefits of 3 Gorges Dam | Fresh water for agriculture and industry 85 billion kilowatts power/year |
| Environmental costs of 3 Gorges Dam | 97 landslides Native river dolphin extinct |
| Environmental benefits of 3 Gorges Dam | Flood control Reduces coal consumption 100 million tonnes less GHG pollution |
| SNWTP - China | Began 2003 - to take 50 years $62 billion govt. sponsored 44.8 billion m3/year from south to north 2000 miles of new canals linking Yangtze to Yellow and Hai rivers |
| Social costs of SNWTP | 330,000 people relocated Xichuan home to 162,000 migrants to be submerged |
| Social benefits of SNWTP | Northern population greater water access Creates jobs Improved standard of living |
| Environmental costs of SNWTP | Exacerbates pollution Less water in the south to dilute pollution - 40% China's wastewater in Yangtze |
| Environmental benefits of SNWTP | Prevent further subsidence and drying of rivers |
| Economic costs of SNWTP | $62 billion |
| Political benefits of SNWTP | Central government provided 60% of schemes cost |
| Desalination in California | 17 plants Largest in the US produces 5 million gallons/day Aquifers previously provided 60% of water demand |
| Benefits of desalinisation | 97% of world's water = saltwater Inexhaustible supply |
| Costs of desalinisation | High energy consumption - GHGS £5 for 1000 gallons Bring discharged is 2x a salty Only available in coastal locations |
| Cause of Saudi Arabia's water shortage | Chronic water shortage Rising population - 29 million by 2020 Demand for water up 30% from 2010-2020 Desalinisation meets 70% of present drinking water demand |
| Success of Aral Sea Restoration | Water levels rose in north sea by 30% in 3 years |
| Social costs of Aral Sea Restoration | Population to rise to 75 million increasing strain 60% rely on irrigation for livelihood 75% of water contaminated due to faulty pumps |
| Social benefits of Aral Sea Restoration | Fishermen returning to their boats Employment increasing as fish return |
| Political costs of Aral Sea Restoration | Headwaters are in different countries so negotiations tricky Already water sensitive so conflict easily caused |
| Political benefits of Aral Sea Restoration | Govt. providing water to citizens helping boost the economy |
| Environmental costs of Aral Sea Restoration | Southern part of sea still shrinking - too late to restore Salinity of soil prevents crop growth |
| Environmental benefits of Aral Sea Restoration | Salinity is decreasing Volume of sea increasing Marine life starting to return |
| Economic costs of Aral Sea Restoration | Dam project in Kazakstan $68 million |
| Economic benefits of Aral Sea Restoration | World bank funded $126 million in 2003 $10 million fishing Processing plant investment 80 boats operating Fishing industry attracting people back e.g. shops |
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