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Created by Minoshka Bocarro
about 9 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Disease | Any condition that impairs the normal functions of an organism |
Parasite | AN organism that lives in or on the body of another organism and obtains its nutrients from it, without it receiving any benefit |
Host Primary Host Intermediate Host | Host - The organism on which a parasite completes some part of its life cycle Primary Host - Where the adult stage of the parasite takes place Intermediate Host - Where the larval stage takes place |
Endoparasites | Live inside an organsim |
Ectoparasites | Attach to the outside of the organsim |
Pathogens | Infectious agents which cause disease in their host and spread between hosts |
Infectious | Diseases that are caused by an agent that can be passed from one organism to another |
Vector | An agent, such as an insect, able to transfer a pathogen from one organism to another |
Contagious | Very easily spread through the population |
Carrier | An organism that is infected by a pathogen and capable of transmitting the pathogen, usually without being infected itself. |
Gram Stain | A test that distinguishes between two large groups of bacteria on the basis of a fundamental difference in the chemistry ad structure of cell walls that show its succeptable to penicillin or resistant as well as other medication |
Viruses | Non-cellular agents that infect all types of organisms |
Prions | Proteinaceous infectious particles. Composed of protein only |
Antiseptics | Used on skin to kill pathogens |
Antimicrobial agents | Chemicals that can be used to inhibit microbial growth. Include antibiotics which are substances naturally produced by microorganisms that are active against other microorganisms. |
Non-specific defences | Defenses found in all organism which are innate meaning that they are always present and are not produced by prior contacts with a pathogen |
Cell-mediated defences | The ability of phagocytic cells to locate and destroy or isolate foreign cells |
Specific immunity | Is a complex defensive response directed against a particular pathogenic organism. It is acquired, meaning that it develops as a result of contact with the particular pathogen. It also has memory, meaning that it produces a quicker and larger response the second time |
Cell-to-cell recognition | Chemical interactions between the surface molecules on membranes of adjacent cells |
Lymphocytes | Type of leucocyte (white blood cell) that is responsible for immune response |
Cytokines | Important group of singalling molecues, small glycoproteins, that coordinate many aspects of our immune response. Include interferons |
Interferon | Cytokine produced by the most virus-infected cells during viral invasion |
Complement | An array of about 20 large blood proteins which can kill cells |
Phagocytes | Defensive white blood cells that routinely engulf and digest (phagocytose) foreign material and debris |
Natural Killer Cells | Large granular lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and are cytotoxic, providing non-specific natural protection against microbial infection and tumor growth |
Mast Cells | Cells in the connective tissue of vertebrates that secrete the hormones histamine and heparin |
Platelets | Membrane bound fragments of huge white blood cells located in the bone marrow and are important in wound healing and blood clotting |
Resolvins | Range of naturally occurring substances derived from omega-3 fatty acids which have been identified as signalling molecules involved in the normal dampening of the inflammation response |
Fever | An increase in body temperature resulting from a resetting of the body temperature set point in the hypothalamus of the brain to a higher level that defends against a bacterial infection. Can be triggered by bacterial toxins called pyrogens on the brain and cytokines released from macrophages. |
Humoral immunity | Involves the B lymphocytes which produce specific antibodies against foreign proteins and antigens and release them into the blood stream |
Cell-mediated immunity | Immune reaction o T-cells against eukaryotic cells not recognised as 'self' such as a virus, bacteria-infected cells, cancerous cells or foreign cells of a transplant |
Antigen | Molecules, usually proteins or carbohydrates, that are able to bind to anitbodies or T cell receptors and stimulate production of antibodies |
Antibodies | A specific protein, immunoglobulin (Ig), produced by lymphocytes in response to a particular antigen with which it binds |
Helper T cells | Regulatory cells that, when stimulated by antigens, produce and release cytokine molecules that control the development and function of other T and B cells as well as phagocytes |
Cytotoxic T cells | Effector cells that when stimulated by antigen and cytokines, directly lyse or kill target cells such as foreign or infected ells on the basis of their particular antigen |
Proliferate | Division of B or T cells |
Plasma cells | Cells specialising in antibody production |
Memory cells | Cells that remain in the lymphoid tissues for long periods and are responsible for the immunity that follows many infectious diseases or vaccination |
Humoral immune response | Primarily directed against invading bacteria and viruses and their toxins |
Clonal sellection | A virtually unlimited array of antibodies, which will not react to 'self' can be produce, using a modest amount of DNA |
Genetic recombination | The variable portion of the antibody has a relatively small number of genes that are cut and reshuffled freely and randomly to produce millions of different combinations |
Antigenic variation | Evasion of an immune response by shedding antigens or changing antigens upon entering the host. Trypanosome |
Antigenic mimicry | Take up host molecules and insert them into their own surface layers so the host's immune system can no longer recognise them as 'not self'. Blood flukes |
Active immunity | The body produces its own antibodies |
Vaccination | The introduction of an inactivated form of a bacterium to produce long-lasting immunity to the pathogenic form of the bacterium; artificially acquired active immunity |
Toxoids | Inactivated toxins, toxin plus formalin |
Naturally acquired active immunity | Surviving an infection by bacteria or viruses that protects against further infection by the same organism |
Attenuated vacccines | Weakened form of the disease causing agent that is still able to reproduce but which does not cause disease symptoms. Measles, mumps, rubella |
Inactivated vaccines | Have sufficient immunogenic capacity to provoke an immune response but they are unable to replicate as they may be killed microbes or parts of them such as protein or polysaccharide components. Foot and mouth disease |
Passive immunity | Immunity provided not involving the individual's own immune system |
Artificially acquired passive immunity | Injections where an antibody serum is provided to help prevent a disease from spreading. Tetnus antitoxins |
Naturally acquired passive immunity | Occurs during pregnancy as a result of the mother's antibodies crossing the placenta and during breast feeding |
Allergy | A rigorous response of the immune system to an antigen, resulting in tissue damage or disease symptoms |
Autoimmune diseases | Disease resulting from the persistent presence of antibodies directed against particular parts of the body |
Resistance | The ability to ward off disease through the various defence mechanisms |
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